Biochemistry involves Essay Example for Free

Biochemistry involves Essay Biochemistry involves the study of biological processes and chemical analysis which include living organism’s reactions, chemical compounds and elements. Historically, biochemistry gained prominence in the early 20th century when research on origin of living organisms began, various forms of scientific methods where used toward the success the makeup, several questions raised where; how biochemists seek to know how the brain works, the effectiveness of molecular compounds on the immune system. Furthermore, they are interested in cellular replication, differentiation and the interconnecting relationship between cells and organs. They deal with the chemical explanation of inheritance (traits, character, etc. ) and disease. Apart from this, biochemist also determines how certain molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, vitamins and hormones function and their involvement in metabolic processes. Mostly on regulation of chemical reactions in living cells because this shows the complex chemical reactions that occur in a wide variety of life forms. It provides the basis for advancement of medicine practically such as veterinary medicine, agriculture science and biotechnology and exciting new fields such as molecular genetics, bioengineering etc. The developed knowledge and methods are applied to in all fields of medicine, agriculture, chemical and health related industries. Biochemistry also provides a unique research on protein structures and functions, genetic engineering and the two basic components of the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology. Being the vastest of all biological sciences, biochemistry has many fields namely neurochemistry, bio-organic chemistry, immunochemistry, physical biochemistry, molecular genetics, biochemical pharmacology and clinical biochemistry. Recent progress in these areas have developed a relationship between technology, chemical engineering, computer engineering. Reference: †¢ Biochemistry. (2008). ISCID Encyclopedia of Science and Philosophy. Retrieved April 07, 2008 from http://www. iscid. org/encyclopedia/Biochemistry †¢ Mendoza, H. M. , Shen, L. N. , Botting, C. , Lewis, A. , Chen, J. , Ink, B. , et al. (2003). NEDP1, a highly conserved cysteine protease that deNEDDylates Cullins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 25637-25643.

Dr. Linus Pauling - A Model of Courage Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

The Strength of Character of Dr. Linus Pauling When it comes to moral courage, no one thinks of scientists. Moral courage brings to mind the Chinese protestor who leapt in front of a tank in Tiananmen Square, the conductors of the Underground Railroad who led slaves to freedom, and the freedom fighters of the Warsaw Ghetto, who fought to their deaths against the Nazis. The Chinese protestor, the northern conductor, and the Jewish resistance fighters were common people transformed by extraordinary times. Their moral beliefs led them into danger that was immediate, terrifying, and tangible. Some forms of moral courage are less obvious. In fact one of history's greatest examples of moral courage comes from a place no one would ever expect - the field of science. It may not seem possible to compare a man who worked in a laboratory to a man who guided slaves to freedom. After all, the Underground Railroad conductor physically risked his life day after day, but the danger that one brave chemist faced was just as real. A brilliant chemist, and a man of unshakeable moral convictions, Dr. Linus Pauling protected the human race from the unparalleled danger of nuclear war. Pauling's moral stand is a model for morality in science. During World War II the United States employed scientists on the top-secret atomic bomb program. Desperate for a weapon to use against Germany and Japan, the government recruited all the best American scientists. One of the few scientists to refuse to work on the bomb was Linus Pauling. It was a difficult decision because the Federal government was exerting a lot of pressure on him. In addition to the pressure, the project itself was hard to turn down. A scientist lives for a proj... ... will be responsible for using science morally. And that is why Linus Pauling is so important to me. In the face of great pressure and danger, he took a moral stand for his beliefs. He is my role model for his moral courage. Pauling's moral stand was not glamorous. It was not the glorious heroism of the movies. But if moral courage is supporting one's beliefs no matter what, then Pauling clearly was a hero. He was threatened by the atomic bomb no more than anyone else was but he alone decided to take responsibility for it. He knew the devastation of the bomb, and as a scientist, an American and a human, he refused to dodge his moral responsibility. Pauling is a role model and a moral hero because he bravely stood for morality on behalf of the human rare. 1 "Interview with Dr. Linus Pauling", Regents of the University of California, Berkley, 1996.

Capital stracture

Key factors that affect structure choice 5. 1. 1 Profitability and variation of profitability Profitability is one of the most tested company characteristics In empirical research regarding companies choice of capital structure. The trade-off theory predicts that higher profitability is associated with Increased debt levels and the reason for this Is twofold.First, companies achieving high profitability have less risk of financial distress and bankruptcy, so the cost of debt Is lower. Second, higher profitability means that companies can achieve higher utilization of the Interest tax shield by Increasing the amount leverage and hence the promised Interest payments each period. Similarly, Increased debt will serve as a adolescently factor for managers when free cash flow likely Increase with Increased profitability.However, as dynamic trade- off theory predicts adjustment costs will prevent companies from adjusting the capital structure immediately and the unlikelihood of companies be ing at their refinancing points at the time of measurement causes the prediction of the found allegations between leverage and profitability to be negative due to the static nature of the determinant analysis. Retained earnings are the favored financing according to the pecking order theory which contradicts the predictions made by trade-off theory.Higher profitability should enable the company to retain more earnings which is the preferable source of funding, and as such, the amount of leverage needed by the company should decrease. Empirically, profitability is consistently found to be negatively related to leverage, as predicted by both theories. Therefore the following hypothesis is made 5. 1. Asset Tangibility (Asset in place) The thought behind asset tangibility as a determinant is that tangible assets provide more security for potential investors as assets can serve as collateral.This will reduce the risk for debt holders and ultimately reduce the cost of debt for the compani es and they will be able to operate with higher leverage ratios without Incurring higher financial distress costs. Accordingly, the trade-off theory predicts that companies In which tangible assets accounts for a large part of the asset structure should Include larger debt levels than companies with a relatively larger amount of Intangible assets. Furthermore, collateralized debt makes It difficult for Investors to conduct asset substitution as the debt holders have collateral In specific assets.Therefore agency costs should be lower between shareholders and debt holders, and companies should use more debt relative to the amount of tangible assets they own. The pecking order theory makes the opposite prediction as It suggest that tangibility will generate less information asymmetries between potential Investors and shareholders, and hence the cost of issuing equity will fall, resulting in lower levels of used to predict that the cost of debt will fall as they will now be able to hav e alliterated debt.So unless the cost of equity falls below the cost of debt, the pecking order theory implies that companies will use the cheapest sources of funding, debt would still be the preferred funding to equity, at least for moderate amounts of debt. Therefore the prediction of the pecking order theory might not be as unambiguous as some researchers argue. Based on predictions of these theories and the consistent findings in previous empirical research the following relationship between asset tangibility and leverage is expected. 5. 1. Growth Opportunity Growth opportunities calls for a similar reasoning as previously used to explain the predictions of asset tangibility effect on leverage, although with opposing conclusions. The first notion of the relationship between growth opportunities and leverage is made by Myers, who states that the problem of shareholders making suboptimal investment decisions is more severe when a company has more growth opportunities as potential investors cannot value or decide which growth opportunities the company should follow.The value of a company's growth opportunities are most likely only valuable to the individual company, or at least less liable to other companies, in which case the costs of financial distress and bankruptcy will be higher for companies with many growth opportunities. With this consideration the trade-off theory suggests a negative relationship between growth opportunities and leverage.Similarly, with many investment opportunities the earnings before taxes is assumed to be lower in which case companies will not be able to fully utilize the interest tax shields associated with high amounts of leverage. Furthermore, companies having more investment opportunities likely value financial legibility highly, which also reduce the optimal leverage ratio. Contrasting this prediction is once again the pecking order theory, as it predicts a positive relationship between debt and growth opportunities.The argum entation behind is that growth opportunities involves higher information asymmetries as shareholder are not willing to reveal much information about their investment opportunities, and given that investment opportunities requires investment outlays and thus increasing a company's financing deficit, companies will issue debt financing and preferable worth-term financing when they experience finance deficits. The empirical results show consistent behavior of the relationship between leverage and growth opportunities and it is expected that this behavior is also present for Danish companies.

The Death Of A Free Coke Essay - 1205 Words

†¢ Hugging the machine in Singapore to get a free Coke †¢ Dancing to get a free Coke in Korea †¢ Cycling on the beach to burn 140 calories (the same amount of calories in a bottle of Coke) for a free coke †¢ Singing a Christmas Carol to get a free Coke in Sweden †¢ Recycling old Coca-Cola bottles in Dhaka, Bangladesh and India to play free games on the machines However, the initial happiness machine started as an attempt to win the heart of the social-media savvy teens by creating a viral digital marketing campaign around happiness. At St. John’s University in Queens, NYC a machine was installed in the middle of the school’s final exam period. Set up for two days, hidden cameras recorded the unsuspecting students’ reactions as they reached to buy a bottle of coke, but instead were showered with 20 cokes, a bouquet of flowers, a pizza, balloons, or even a 6-foot long sandwich. Students from St. John’s University shared their moments of joy and ‘happiness’ via social media and spread the word that was started by just one post by Coca-Cola in the form of the video of students reacting. Approximately 10 days after announcing the video on Facebook, the video had been seen 1 million times. Within two months, the video had been viewed over 2 million times and, by April 2010, the video had been viewed over 2.2 million times. In 2014 Coca Cola decided to combine their campaign of happiness and pleasure for a global issue. The company focused on Dhaka; a city in Bangladesh that isShow MoreRelatedCoca Cola Ethical Issues Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesissues that are involved with the giant company Coca-Cola; these issues have to be dealt with in order for them to continue as one of the world’s most leading beverage industries. Coca- Cola was founded in 1986, and other than the sale of coke and diet coke the company also sells products such as PowerAde, Dasani Water and Minute Maid. (Daniels, 2014), this distributor is one of the largest in the world. They concentrated on increasing their market shares throughout the United States. SometimeRead MoreCoca Cola Company Struggles With Ethical Issues Essay1502 Words   |  7 Pagescoca-cola company struggles with ethical issues Name Institution Coca-cola boasts of being the world’s largest beverage company serving approximately one billion customers daily. The most dominant products distributed by Coca-cola are Coke, Fanta, Sprite and Diet Coke. This strategy is aimed at ensuring that every customer gets satisfied whenever they use a Coca-cola brand. Coca-cola has large distributions across the globe making it the largest distributor in the world. The late Roberto Goizueta termedRead MoreCoca Cola Is A Carbonated Soft Drink1249 Words   |  5 Pagesdrink.[1] It is produced by The Coca-Cola Company of Atlanta, Georgia, and is often referred to simply as Coke (a registered trademark of The Coca-Cola Company in the United States since March 27, 1944). Originally intended as a patent medicine when it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton, Coca-Cola was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler, whose marketing tactics led Coke to its dominance of the world soft-drink market throughout the 20th cent ury. The name refers to two ofRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1708 Words   |  7 Pagesdue to its unparalleled history, advertising techniques, and its cultural significance to the world. In San Antonio, Texas, John Jurgensen of The Wall Street Journal sat down with author Cormac McCarthy and asked about the blatant placement of the Coke and his response was, â€Å"Well, it just struck me. It’s the iconic American product. The one thing that everybody knows about America, the one thing above cowboys and Indians, above everything else that you can think of, is Coca-Cola. You can’t go toRead MorePepso1597 Words   |  7 Pagesamp; types of businesses executives can enter into * Both incorporate long-term aspects into performance compensation plans * Both tie executive compensation to company performance Differences Compensation characteristics | PepsiCo | Coke | Comments | Total CEO compensation benchmark | Leading consumer product companies, selected companies covered in Samp;P 500 Beverage, Food and Restaurant IndicesDefinition is narrow: limits competitive space to consumer product companies, withRead MoreThe Early Life And Career1616 Words   |  7 Pagesand it had managed to double that number. The brand Coca-Cola, with the new name, and logo was growing in fame slowly but surely. Also at this time, unit sales totaled to a shocking 3,200 serving, or a total of nine drinks per day. â€Å"Prior to his death in 1888,† Pemberton doubted the Coca-Cola potential due to the changes that were made to it, so he decided to sell all of his ownership, while he did want to pass it down to his son. He started to sell some of his ownership to support not only hisRead MoreBrazil Case Study- Preventing AIDS1382 Words   |  6 PagesBrazilian government is to attack the problem more aggressively during the country’s annual Carnival since it is considered a period of increased sexual activity. The ministry not only distributes millions of condoms during that month but also offers free advice on how to prevent the spread of AIDS in areas like Rio de Janeiro’s sambadrome, where bare-breasted dancing girls attract millions of spectators every year. Brazil is a predominantly Catholic country but in order to be successful in preventingRead MoreThe Impact of Health Insurance Plans on Health Organizations870 Words   |  3 PagesGet a proper check up on regular basis. These health insurance plans even improve the workforce productivity at organizations; whereas uninsured people have uneasy access to the health care facilities. Uninsured people have higher rate of premature deaths. Since, uninsured people take more depression and have limited access to the mental health care so they are at higher risks of suffering from mental problems. The uninsured people do not get the checkup on regular basis and so when they are admittedRead MoreGovernment Initiatives For Health And Oral Care1242 Words   |  5 Pagesbacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. Weak acids are produced by the bacteria as they digest food particles found in the plaque. Acids gradually destroys the tooth s enamel and dentine with disease progressing in the pulp and potentially causing pulp death and loss of tooth. 3) Why is healthy diet important? Healthy diet is important not only because its reducing possibility of obesity, high blood pressure, heart disease or type 2 diabetes in later life, but also helping keep teeth healthy. After eachRead More We Are Living in a Corporate Dystopia Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesintellect, will feign attack on the problems of their day with the Just do it. and Why ask why? knee-jerk responses of their wasted childhood, leaving real power to reside with their programmers: Coca-Cola, Nike, Disney, et al. By allowing corporations free access to the minds of our children (as many of us do), we take the first bold steps down the road to the Brave New World. Ignoring this threat and treating it as either non-existent or only minimally significant is tantamount to inviting Huxleys

The Spirit As A Believer Of Christ, Future Educator, And...

As a believer in Christ, future educator, as well as future mother I believe there is an absolute correlation between the fruits of the Spirit as seen in Galatians 5:22-23 to care giving. In my opinion, one should not submerge into a care giving position (whether that means being a mother, father, or teacher) unless they fully obtain the fruits of the Spirit. The entire portion of 1 Corinthians 13:4-8 speak about love, however it was once explained to me that these verses are not necessarily only about lovers, but rather everyone such as friends, family, spouses, and even enemies. If we as believers, are to obey scripture such as to love our enemies such as in Matthew 5:44, then how could we be nurturing caregivers, without including the fruits of the Spirit. Through the entire semester, we have focused on multiple different aspects of children development, (attachment, temperament, play, social development, gender, and parenting). Every single one of these different aspects (in my o pinion) have an absolute correlation to the fruits of the Spirit if we are truly considering it from a biblical perspective. In regards to temperament, as one may understand there are three different types (easy going, slow to warm up, and difficult). As any educator, or parent may understand, dealing which children, especially difficult children can be a daunting task. We as nurturing caregivers must work along side of these children with â€Å"love, joy, peace, and patience† in order to aShow MoreRelatedChristian Philosophy Versus Christian Worldview1794 Words   |  8 Pagesas a right or wrong worldview, since it can consist of subjective opinions on life, love, family and religious philosophies. These worldviews create philosophical questions regarding how society truly functions and different human principles. As educators it is critical that one nurtures the Christian mind in order to fulfill the Christian worldview. It is also absolutely essential that the education s ystem and learning objectives put forward are relevant because they make significant contributionsRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 PagesSociety. Used by permission of Zondervan Bible Publishers. Bible texts credited to RSV are from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright  © 1946, 1952, 1971, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. Used by permission. Texts credited to RV are from The Holy Bible, Revised Version, Oxford University Press, 1911. Printed in U.S.A. 09 08 07 06 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 0-8280-1947-9 ISBN 0-8280-1948-7 hardcover paperback PrintedRead MoreHistory of Work Ethic8363 Words   |  34 PagesHistorical Context of the Work Ethic Roger B. Hill, Ph.D.  © 1992, 1996 From a historical perspective, the cultural norm placing a positive moral value on doing a good job because work has intrinsic value for its own sake was a relatively recent development (Lipset, 1990). Work, for much of the ancient history of the human race, has been hard and degrading. Working hard--in the absence of compulsion--was not the norm for Hebrew, classical, or medieval cultures (Rose, 1985). It was not until the Protestant

Cause And Leading Causes And Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes

Smoking Cigarettes Cigarettes are a lot like hamsters. Both are harmless until you put one in your month and light it on fire. Cigarette smoke contains more than 7,000 chemicals. 43 of those chemicals are known for causing cancer and 400 other toxins. In the United States, 20.8% of adults’ smoke cigarettes which is 45.3 million people. Smoking cigarettes is the leading cause of preventable disease and death. It is accountable for 1 of every 5 deaths in a year which is more than 480,000 deaths every year. People should stop smoking cigarettes because they are bad for not only your health but another people’s health as well and they are very unappealing. Cigarettes are also addictive and expensive. Smoking cigarettes are health hazard.†¦show more content†¦It might only help for a short period of time, but it does help. Cigarettes contain nicotine, which is a psychoactive or a mood-altering drug. It takes eight seconds for the nicotine to reach the brain and releases dopamine. Dopamine causes emotional state of pleasure or relaxation and energy, which most refer it a† buzz.† People should stop smoking cigarettes because it is very unappealing. Smoking cigarettes is bad not only for your health but for your outer appearance. You will have bags under your eyes. According to John Hopkins study, smokers are four time more likely to feel unrested after a night’s sleep compared to a nonsmoker. Nicotine in the cigarettes can cause your teeth to lose the whiteness and actually make your teeth yellow. Not only will your teeth turn yellow, so you’re your fingers. Smoking also leads to premature aging and wrinkles. Smoking cigarettes you have a higher chance of lose teeth due to dental problem caused from the harmful chemicals in cigarettes. One could argue and say that smoking is cool because all of their friends do it. Most smokers that are addicted started smoking in high school. About 39.4% to 30.1% of high schoolers smoke cigarettes. Kids get peer pressured into smoking to â€Å"fit in† and then end up addicted. Adult smokers grew up hear ing that smoking cigarettes were ok. In the early 1950’s tobacco companies started booming. Back then cigarettes could be advised on television and could evenShow MoreRelatedShould Cigarette Smoking Be Harmful?943 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is growing popular for both the old and the young; it’s a habit which is very unhealthy that increases person chances of lung damage. The smoke from the cigarette enhances the possibility of damaging everybody lungs around you that is called second hand smoke, which kill more people a year than the actual cigarette smoking. While cigarette smoking is harmful to your health, the E-cigarettes have little to no harm on the changes of developing lung cancer or other health issues. Smoking cigarettesRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarettes786 Words   |  4 PagesDangers of Smoking Cigarettes are everywhere. They’re sold in almost every gas station, pharmaceutical store, and even ordinary grocery stores in the United States. Cigarettes have endorsements from celebrities, big tobacco companies, advertised on billboards, and through commercials. Smoking is a problem because it causes diseases which cost billions of dollars a year in healthcare. It is also the leading cause of diseases and deaths in the US. Smoking cigarettes is an unhealthy habit that unfortunelyRead MoreBans on Smoking in Public Areas1476 Words   |  6 Pagespeople that die because of smoking each year! Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the U.S. Each year more than 480,000 people die because of smoking. This is just one of the many reasons why I believe that cigarette smoking should be banned in public areas. I will argue this point in three ways. First, I will argue that the health effects of smoking are so harmful that cigarettes should not be allowed in public are as. 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Cardiovascular Diseases in Australian Women- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCardiovascular Diseases in Australian Women forCVD. Answer: Introduction Cardiovascular disease also referred to as heart disease is among the leading causes of mortality in Australia. The National Heart Foundation indicates that heart disease leads to more deaths in women as compared to their male counterparts. There are different risk factors that are more particular for women in regard to heart disease. These include lack of physical exercise, being post-menopausal, family stress for single mothers, excess intake of fatty food, and high salt intake among others (Cho 2016). Social determinants that influence the risk of acquiring heart disease include; coming from disadvantage areas and being indigenous Australian, having a family history of the disease, and minimal social amenities within ones residential areas for exercising and finding immediate medical attention (Zeigler, 2016). Registered Nurses need to use tailor-made motivational interviewing principles in order to help women take up personalized approaches to reduce the risk of heart disease. Th e following discussion outline the impacts of CVD on Australian women, the social and behavioral risk factors, and the principles of motivational interviewing for Jan, a client who is at risk of acquiring heart disease. Impact of CVD on Australian Women CVD impacts negatively on Australian women. The first impact of CVD in Australian women is that it leads as a cause of premature death. According to National Heart Foundation about 45,392 deaths in Australia in the year 2015 was caused by heart disease (Kay et al, 2017). This means that in each 12 minute, Australia records one death as a result of CVD. Therefore, the year 2015 experienced 30% of deaths resulting from CVD in Australia. More specifically, 27% of male deaths and 30% of female deaths in the same year resulted from CVD (Kay et al, 2017). It is thus clear that Australian women are more likely to die from CVD than their male counterparts. While Australian males suffer twice the number of heart attacks, their female counterparts are a higher chance of dying from them. More women also die from stroke as compared to men. Secondly, CVD being a major cause of death in Australia, it is costly in terms of treatment. The National Health Foundation indicates that CVD accounts for about 18% of Australias total burden of disease. Recent research also indicates that the condition is the most expensive group of diseases to treat in Australia. Between 2008 and 2009, the CVD cost an approximate $7.47 billion to treat where more than half of this went to paying for patients who were admitted in hospital (Kay et al, 2017). It is thus expensive especially for poor indigenous communities in rural Australia. CVD as an illness has social implications including long hospital stays and hospital separations. Between 2014 and 2015, CVD contributed to 490,000 hospitalizations in Australia. More than half of these included women (Kay et al, 2017). The long stays in hospitals and the separations from families for hospitalization negatively impact on families both emotionally and psychologically. The National Heart Foundation indicates that there was an increase of hospital separations from 2004 to 2015 by 8% (Kay et al, 2017). Understanding the role of women in homes especially among indigenous Australians who live in families, it is clear that their families suffer emotionally while bearing the burden of responsibilities. Social Determinants Increasing risk of CVD Different social determinants influence the risk of CVD among women in Australia. One of these include gender as indicated above that women are at a higher risk of developing and even dying from CVD as compared to men in Australia. This is because there are higher chances of a woman at post-menopausal age to develop CVD due to deteriorated levels of estrogen production (Kay et al, 2017). Further, women like Jan, are more likely to be obese due to inadequate physical exercise as compared to men and this increases their risk to CVD. This is the reason why while twice the number of men gets heart attacks; more women actually die from it than men. Secondly according to Vaccarino Bremner (2017), having a family history of CVD as is the case for Jan puts one at risk of developing CVD. Studies indicate that parents who have heart disease are most likely to have children with the condition. Even so, the older one gets, the higher the risk of the condition (Zeigler, 2016). Therefore Jan having had a mother with CVD, she is most likely going to develop the disease if she does not reduce the risk factors. Another social risk factor is poverty and a lack of access to proper health care. According to the National Heart Foundation, women who come from the most disadvantaged regions of Australia have 29% death rates due to CVD, above other women who come from least disadvantaged regions (Vissers et al, 2016). Women from rural areas are exposed to more risk factors as they have no facilities to exercise, carry out regular health check-ups and participate in their own healthcare. This is the case for Jan, who is in rural Queensland with limited access to counseling and/or facilities for exercise as could be the case for those in urban areas (Vissers et al, 2016). Further, women who are Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islanders are at a higher risk of CVD than their non-indigenous counterparts. They are also more likely to have higher diabetes and obesity rates. Jan is thus at a higher risk of acquiring CVD, as she comes from the rural areas where healthcare services are poorer as compared t o those in urban areas. Behavioral Determinants Increasing risk of CVD There are several behavioral risk factors that Jan in the case study faces, which can make her develop cardiovascular diseases. Unhealthy diet is one of the major behavioral factors contributing to development of cardiovascular diseases (Alley et al, 2017). Diets which are highly saturated with cholesterol, fats and trans-facts bring about heart disease including related conditions like atherosclerosis. Studies also indicate that foods with too much salt lead to hypertension. From the case study, it is clear that Jan is likely to develop cardiovascular diseases due to her consumption of food with excess salt. High sugar intake is risky as it leads to obesity and high insulin levels. This leads to insulin resistance, a precedence of diabetes and eventually CVD (Chockalingam et al, 2016). Jan drinks 4 to 5 full-sugar Cola drink daily and this puts her at risk of CVD in the long-term. Lack of physical exercise also puts one at the risk of CVD. This is because it increases the likelihood of obesity, hypertension and diabetes, which are major contributors to CVD causation (Wise, 2014). From the case study, Jan has opted to avoid walking exercises and considering that she likes cooking and eating, she is likely to be obese in the short-run. Inadequate exercise means that excess fats and cholesterol are not broken down and can end up blocking arteries including coronary arteries to cause heart attacks. Stress as a behavioral aspect also contributes to the development of heart disease. From the case study, Jan is stressed as she is currently unemployed single mother who separated with her husband recently. She is apparently worried about how she will manage to care for her 13 and 15-year old children single-handedly. Stress puts one at a higher risk of getting strokes and/or heart attacks (Bartrop, 2017). Anxiety and depression that comes with stressful events are major behavioral risk factors as well. Motivational Interviewing Principles The first principle I will use, is expressing empathy while avoiding arguments with the client (Miller, 2015). In order to discuss about exercising for instance, I will tell Jan I honestly understand that it must been hard for you being a mother to exercise so as to maintain a healthy in the recent past. A lot of my patients have also reported of this difficulty. Even so, I think it remains imperative for us to attempt to find how you can work on this. Jan, what do you think can make you eat less but exercise more? From this discussion, the patient will understand that as the nurse I am empathetic but at the same time she will give out direct answers without arguments. Secondly, development of discrepancies where nurse and/or physician helps a patient to understand the variation between their behavior and their goals is paramount (Schumacher, 2013). This will enable the patient to strive to take part in their own care. In this case for instance, I would tell Jan "You just informed me that you want to feel better, reduce the risk of CVD having a family history of the same, and reduce the potential amount you might use for CVD medication. I believe you understand that exercising, avoiding depression, maintaining proper diet and losing weight would be of good help in preventing CVD. Jan, what are the reasons you think make it hard to find sufficient time for yourself to exercise and practice these healthy behavior? The patient can then compare her health goals and the direction she wants to take in preventing CVD in future. Further, there is need for a nurse and/or physician to approach the patient with resistance and then provide a feedback that is personalized (Schumacher, 2013). When the patient expresses the reasons as to why they cannot achieve their goals, it is important a nurse and/or physician to assist them find successful ways. For instance I will tell Jan "I am aware that you are tired from taking your routine walking exercise, is it possible for you to create time to resume this? This will help the patient consider revisiting and working on her health goals. Summary and Conclusion CVD stands as the major cause of mortality in most industrialized countries including Australia. Even so, it contributes to more deaths in women than in men in Australia. The above discussion outlines the impacts of CVD on Australian women including death, high cost of the disease burden, hospitalization and emotional problems to families. The discussion also highlights the social and behavioral determinants of CVD including gender, family history of disease, social amenities, physical exercise, and dieting, high stress levels among others. 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