Investigation and prevention of child abuse Essay

Child abuse is one of the most common human right violations in the human community. According to UNCEF reports, at least one child dies every day as a result of child abuse. Nevertheless, the exact number of child deaths as a result of chilled abuse is hindered by the fact that most cases of child deaths in the communities goes without investigation. Still, an estimated over 30, 000 child in America are put under protection registers annually (American Prosecution Research Institute 12). The world is approximated to have over 100 million abused children most of whom are from the developing nations. However, these are just but a few of child abuse cases which are reported. There are numerous types of child abuse practices in the society. They range from infant shaking, to child battering, to child negligence, to child sexual abuse (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 42). Such practices are blamed for having a negative impact on the psychological, physical, and social development of the child. The process of preventing child abuse effectively dictates for the participation of all members of the community in ensuring early identification of such problems (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 51). Creating awareness among children as well as other members of the community on the rights of children plays an instrumental role in mitigating child abuse in the community. Investigation of child abuse for legal charges involves numerous methods depending on the type and magnitude of the act. For instance, Physical sexual abuse on kids can either be self evident or call for medical procedures to qualify (Myers 46). The history of family relations plays a crucial role in child abuse investigation practices by law enforcement. This paper seeks to give a detailed discussion on the prevention and investigation of child abuse. Prevention of child abuse The realization of effective child abuse prevention entails the creation of awareness on the forms and how to identify child abuse as well as engaging efforts in mitigating risk factors to child abuse in the community (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 51). The problem of child abuse in the community is increased by lack of awareness by the public. According to available statistics for example, child sexual abuse incidences in the American society has its peak between the onset of puberty and adolescence (American Prosecution Research Institute 67). At this age, most of the victims have mental capability to identify and avoid being victims of sexual abuse. Based on this reasoning, creating adequate awareness among the child can greatly aid in mitigating child abuse practice in the community. In this pursuit, since 1983, the American nation has set April as Child Abuse Prevention Month. In addition, the government funds child-abuse prevention initiatives through its Community-Based Grants for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect (CBCAP) (American Prosecution Research Institute 71). Still on awareness, society cohesion factor plays an important role in preventing child (Myers 102). Just as is the case with other forms of crime prevention practices, the local community members find much advantage in the early identification and thus controlling of child abuse in their neighborhoods. This is because; they are the ones living close to the sources of child abuse; the family unit. Therefore, encouraging communal living among members of the community is instrumental in preventing child abuse. Another common practice of preventing child abuse is enforcing zero tolerance policies on domestic violence. According to numerous research findings, it is established that families marked with couple violence have a higher prevalence of child abuse; both physically and emotionally (Myers 112). There are numerous risk factors identified for causing child abuse practices. Such include the social and economic position of the family and the local community and the effectiveness of the law enforcement and criminal justice system in addressing child abuse cases (Myers 108). It has been sufficiently claimed that poverty in the in family plays an instrumental factor in perpetuating child abuse practices such as neglect. Financial constrains in the family also serves to cause stress and depression among parent, a factor that negatively impacts on the parent-child relationship. Still, an idle mind is the devils workshop. Therefore, the sustainable prevention of child abuse dictates for resolving eminent economic problems that affecting members of the local community. Also found to influence the level of child abuse is the character and gender of the child. Statistical evidence indicates that most mentally or physically disabled children are found to be at risk of child abuse (Perona, Bottoms, and Vieth 61). The statistics also establish substantial evidence connecting gender classification as a clear cause of child abuse in the community. In particular, the girl child is prone to child abuse and neglect. In some countries, the girl child is rarely provided with equal education as the boy child. This is a denial of the children right to education. In addition, girls are common victims to forced marriages as well as prostitution. On the other hand, the boy child is commonly marked with forced labor. They are also the main victims of corporal punishment compared to girls. These are the reasons behind the enactment and enforcement of numerous laws mitigating practices such as child pornography and prostitution and child labor (American Prosecution Research Institute 61). Many nations across the globe including the United States have banned corporal punishment of children both in the schools and in the family. This serves the purpose of limiting inhuman punishments on children. It is worth noting that the United Nations initiative on providing basic education to all children has taken cause in many countries across the globe. This initiative is quite instrumental in influencing prevention of anti-girl child education practices in the nation as much of its emphasis is on the girl child. Such an initiative is supported by numerous community based non-governmental organization. The war on drug abuse in the community is an important tool in mitigating child abuse. According to numerous research findings, drug abuse like alcoholism is among the leading causes of domestic violence as well as child sexual abuse in the community (Myers 121). This claim has been evidently supported by the fact that drugs function in compromising the reasoning and judgmental ability of an individual. Such can also be explained by the fact that drugs enhance aggression and temper of the victim. In a move to mitigate this practice of drug abuse as a potential cause for child abuse, the American nation is found to spend billions of dollars on the war against drugs in the society. Investigation of child abuse The process of investigating child abuse is heavily dependent on the availability of claimed evidence of physical, emotional, and/or sexual abuse. According to the available legal provisions; some forms of child abuse such as child labor neglect, and failure to provide education as well as some forms physical abuse of are self evident (Myers 132). Therefore, the investigation of such practices is mainly based on reported evidence rather than dictating for medical procedures. Also commonly involved in the investigation practices is identifying the history of a child abuse problem. According to psychological principles, human problems such as emotional stress and depression are a direct result of long term abuse in children. Based on this, the period over which such abuse on a particular child should be provided as qualifying evidence against the defendants charged with child abuse (Myers 136). As per the requirements of the law, this evidence can be self proclaimed by the victim, given by a member of the local community or from a doctor. The doctor should conduct an extensive diagnosis on the subject matter to give admissible evidence. Such might cover but not limited to the extent of physical or emotional damage impacted on the child. However, the laws protecting children against abuse prohibit against even the slightest form of action against a child that can compromise their social, emotional, academic and physical development. Conclusion Despite the numerous efforts by governments and other community-based non-governmental organizations, child abuse remains a major problem in the global community. There are various causes of child abuse in the community. Such include; domestic violence, cultural beliefs, economic status, and social practices in the community. The problem is further complicated by failure by the victims or members of the community to reports such cases to the relevant authorities for legal action against the perpetrators. Therefore, effective child abuse prevention strategies must take into account the need for creating public awareness on the problem. It should also devote much emphasis on resolving the main social and economic factors which promote child abuse. It is only through consulted cooperation among all stakeholders in the community that the war against child abuse can be successful.

How Television Media Violence Influences Deviant Behavior, Specifically Criminal Behavior Essay

People watch television as way of relaxing. While there are many educational and entertaining programs on television, there is a lot of negativity in the form of sex and violence. Television programs are not without some king of violence. Since most people spend the bulk of their inactive time relaxing in front of the television, the following hypothesis may be formulated. If people spend most of their time watching television, which is full of subtle and obvious violence, is it then not possible that the programming will influence deviant criminal behavior in them? Accordingly, it is important to analyze the ways in which media violence may influence deviant criminal behavior. In this case, the two variables in this study are television media violence and deviant criminal behavior. Thus, deviant criminal behavior is the dependent (result) variable and television media violence as the independent (causal) variable. Deviant behavior According to Bryant, deviant behavior is easily explained in the context of an individual violating social norms (rules) just because they wish to fulfill/attain some personal goal. Hence, deviant behavior may include violence, aggression and hostility. For instance, a child may eat the last piece of cake that was reserved for later because he wants to eat the cake. Therefore, a superseding self-gratifying consideration would seem to be implicated in deviant behavior (1989). However, as Bryant goes on to point out, deviancy is by no means a simple issue. This is because, most if not all people are at some point in life faced with the opportunity to perform acts of deviancy. The question then is why is that some people are lured to contravening social norms more than others (1989)? Media violence. According to the Center for Media Literacy, there is no one clear and concise definition of media violence. This is because the individuals who are considered experts in the media violence realm measure television violence very differently (2007). Nevertheless, media violence may be defined as the various types of violence shown/displayed in such media as television. Accordingly, when individuals watch television they are exposed to the violence. Watching violence on television increases antisocial (deviant) behavior such as aggressiveness, hostility and even violence towards others. Sometimes these behaviors take on a criminal nature. Various studies have been conducted. In one study, the researchers set up an investigation involving college student with different personality and behavior types. The students had to watch both non violent and what was termed as gratuitously violent programs/films over a period of four days. The aim of the researchers was to find out if regular, consistent exposure to violence would result in violence in the individuals. After the study, the students were placed in stressful situation where they responded in a hostile manner. Continued exposure to the violence may lead the individuals to become more hostile and aggressive and even to engage in such criminal behaviors as robbery with violence, a criminal behavior with serious consequences. In the event of disagreements, they may also act aggressively towards others causing harm to them. Thus, the study helped to show that television media violence does indeed influence deviant behavior. Media violence especially when prolonged and consistent resulted in hostility and aggression in the students of both sexes even when there was no provocation. It also led to involvement and participation in other behaviors that are also criminal (Harris, N. d. ). In the second study, using the same test subjects, researchers analyzed how media violence affected their reaction to things that did not concern them personally. Again, the students were exposed to program content with various degrees of violence over a period of four days. Afterwards, the students were presented with conflict scenarios and asked how they would respond. The conflicts ranged from children fighting to the more serious domestic violence. Accordingly, the students who considered themselves as egotistic were found to accept violence as a way of solving conflicts (Harris, N. d. ). It would then be correct to state that these college students would grow up with the mentality that violence and aggressiveness is a normal part of life. As adults they may take it upon themselves to use violence to get their way. It would be not surprising if the same students were to then use violence to settle their domestic squabbles. They may engage domestic violence, a truly deviant and criminal behavior. In another cross-sectional study, some 2300 high school students were asked to list their favorite television programs and also provide a checklist of activities that ranged from fighting to serious delinquent behaviors. The programs were then analyzed for their violent content. Researchers found that the students whose favorite programs were violent also tended to exhibit violence. Hence, their checklists also reported aggressive and delinquent behaviors. It would then be correct to state these children frequently the violent television programs. Otherwise, how else the deviant behavior could be explained (TV Violence, 2003). It was then probable that these children would copy what they may have watched on television for some particular purposes. Maybe, use violence and aggressiveness to rob others and use the loot to buy drugs. In Summary The three studies above had one primal purpose. To determine how media violence affects deviant behavior. From the studies, it is clear that increased exposure to television media violence also leads to increased deviant behavior. To most people, aggressiveness and hostility are examples of deviant behaviors. In the three studies after exposure to television media violence the subjects were either openly hostile or aggressive. This is would be correct to conclude that indeed television media violence does influence deviant behavior in that individuals after exposure to television media violence engage more in behaviors that could be considered as deviant behavior. References. Bryant, C. (1989). Deviant behavior: Readings in the sociology of norm violations. London: Taylor & Francis. Defining media violence: It’s not so easy! (2007). Center for Media Literacy. Retrieved 17 April 2009 from http://www. medialit. org/reading_room/article23. html Harris, S. (N. d. ). Some violent movies can increase violent responses to provocation and acceptance of violence in real life. Retrieved 17 April 2009 from http://www. research. vt. edu/resmag/sc99/media_violence. html TV violence. (2003). Retrieved 17 April 2009 from http://www. kff. org/entmedia/upload/Key-Facts-TV-Violence. pdf

Sez in China

Especial economic zone: A  Special Economic Zone  (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic and other laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical or national laws. â€Å"Nationwide† laws may be suspended inside a special economic zone. The category SEZ covers, including  free trade zones  (FTZ), export processing Zones (EPZ), free Zones (FZ),  industrial parks  or industrial estates (IE),  free ports,  free economic zones,  urban enterprise zones  and others.Usually the goal of a structure is to increase  foreign direct investment  by foreign investors, typically an  international business  or a  multinational corporation  (MNC), development of  infrastructureand to increase the employment. Currently, the most prominent SEZs in the country are  Shenzhen,  Xiamen,  Shantou, and  Zhuhai. It is notable that Shenzhen, Shantou, and Zhuhai are all in  Guangdong province, and all are on the southern coast of Chin a where sea is very accessible for transportation of goods.An analysis of the performance of these SEZs in China versus those in India in liberalizing the Chinese and Indian economies and their impact on economic growth was conducted by  Leong (2012). This paper investigates the role of special economic zones (SEZs) . The policy change to a more liberalized economy is identified using SEZ variables as instrumental variables. The results indicate that export and FDI growth have positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth in these countries. The presence of SEZs increases regional growth but increasing the number of SEZs has negligible effect on growth.The key to faster economic growth appears to be a greater pace of liberalization. Special economic zones of the people’s republic of china Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China  (SEZs) are  special economic zones  located in  mainland China. The  government of the People's Repu blic of China  gives SEZs special (more  free market-oriented) economic policies and flexible governmental measures. This allows SEZs to utilize an economic management system that is especially conducive to doing business that does not exist in the rest of mainland China.History Since the late 1970s, and especially since the 3rd Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978, the PRC government has decided toreform the national economic setup. The basic state policy has focused on the formulation and implementation of overall reform and opening to the outside world. During the 1980s, the PRC passed several stages, ranging from the establishment of special economic zones and open coastal cities and areas, and designating open inland and coastal economic and technology development zones.Since 1980, the PRC has established special economic zones in  Shenzhen,  Zhuhai  and  Shantou  in  Guangdong Province  and  Xiamen  in  Fujian Province, and designat ed the entire province ofHainan  a special economic zone. In August 1980, the  National People's Congress  (NPC) passed â€Å"Regulations for The Special Economy Zone of  Guangdong  Province† and officially designated a portion of  Shenzhen  as the Shenzhen Special Economy Zone (SSEZ).In 1984, the PRC further opened 14 coastal cities to overseas investment:  Dalian,  Qinhuangdao,  Tianjin,  Yantai,  Qingdao,  Lianyungang,  Nantong,  Shanghai,  Ningbo,  Wenzhou,  Fuzhou,Guangzhou,  Zhanjiang  and  Beihai. Since 1988, mainland China's opening to the outside world has been extended to its border areas, areas along the Yangtze River and inland areas. First, the state decided to turn Hainan Island into mainland China's biggest special economic zone (approved by the 1st session of the 7th NPC in 1988) and to enlarge the other four special economic zones.Shortly afterwards, the  State Council  expanded the open coastal areas, extending i nto an open coastal belt the open economic zones of the  Yangtze River Delta,  Pearl River Delta, Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou  Triangle in south Fujian,  Shandong Peninsula,  Liaodong Peninsula  (Liaoning  Province),  Hebei  and  Guangxi. In June 1990 the PRC government opened the  Pudong  New Area in Shanghai to overseas investment, and additional cities along the Yangtze River valley, with Shanghai's Pudong New Area as its â€Å"dragon head. Since 1992, the  State Council  has opened a number of border cities, and in addition, opened all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and  high-tech  industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As these open areas adopt different preferential policies, they play the dual roles of â€Å"windows† in developing the foreign-oriented econom y, generating foreign exchanges through exporting products and importing advanced echnologies and of â€Å"radiators† in accelerating inland economic development. Primarily geared to exporting processed goods, the five special economic zones are foreign-oriented areas which integrate science and industry with trade, and benefit from preferential policies and special managerial systems. In 1999, Shenzhen's new-and high-tech industry became one with best prospects, and the output value of new-and high-tech products reached 81. 98 billion yuan, making up 40. 5% of the city's total industrial output value.Since its founding in 1992, the Shanghai Pudong New Zone has made great progress in both absorbing foreign capital and accelerating the economic development of the Yangtze River valley. The state has extended special preferential policies to the Pudong New Zone that are not yet enjoyed by the special economic zones. For instance, in addition to the preferential policies of reduc ing or eliminating Customs duties and income tax common to the economic and technological development zones, the state also permits the zone to allow foreign business people to open financial institutions and run tertiary industries.In addition, the state has given Shanghai permission to set up a  stock exchange, expand its examination and approval authority over investments and allow foreign-funded banks to engage in  RMB  business. In 1999, the  GDP  of the Pudong New Zone came to 80 billion yuan, and the total industrial output value, 145 billion yuan. In May 2010, the PRC designated the city of  Kashgar  in  Xinjiang  a SEZ. Kashgar's annual growth rate was 17. 4 percent from 2009, and Kashgar's designation has since increased  tourism  andreal estate prices  in the city.Kashgar is close to China's border with the independent states of former  Soviet Central Asia  and the SEZ seeks to capitalize on international trade links between China and those sta tes. List of SEZs As part of its economic reforms and policy of opening to the world, between 1980 and 1984 China established  special economic zones  (SEZs) in  Shantou,  Shenzhen, and  Zhuhai  in  Guangdong  Province and  Xiamen  in  Fujian  Province and designated the entire island province of  Hainan  a special economic zone.In 1984 China opened 14 other coastal cities to overseas investment (listed north to south):  Dalian,  Qinhuangdao,  Tianjin,  Yantai,Qingdao,  Lianyungang,  Nantong,  S hanghai,  Ningbo,  Wenzhou,  Fuzhou,  Guangzhou,  Zhanjiang, and  Beihai. Then, beginning in 1985, the central government expanded the coastal area by establishing the following open economic zones (listed north to south):  Liaodong Peninsula,  Hebei  Province (which surrounds  Beijing  and  Tianjin),  Shandong  Peninsula,  Yangtze River Delta,Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou  Triangle in southern Fujian Province,  Pearl Ri ver Delta, and  Guangxi.In 1990 the Chinese government decided to open the  Pudong  New Zone in  Shanghai  to overseas investment, as well as more cities in the Yangzi River Valley. Since 1992 the  State Council  has opened a number of border cities and all the capital cities of inland provinces and autonomous regions. In addition, 15 free-trade zones, 32 state-level economic and technological development zones, and 53 new and high-tech industrial development zones have been established in large and medium-sized cities. As a result, a multilevel diversified pattern of opening and integrating coastal areas with river, border, and inland areas has been formed in China.Type| City| Province| Special Economic Zone, City| Shenzhen| Guangdong| | Zhuhai| Guangdong| | Shantou| Guangdong| | Xiamen| Fujian| | Kashgar| Xinjiang| Special Economic Zone, Province| No city| Hainan| Coastal Development Areas| Dalian| Liaoning| | Qinhuangdao| Hebei| | Tianjin| Tianjin| | Yantai| Shandon g| | Qingdao| Shandong| | Lianyungang| Jiangsu| | Nantong| Jiangsu| | Shanghai| Shanghai| | Ningbo| Zhejiang| | Wenzhou| Zhejiang| | Fuzhou| Fujian| | Guangzhou| Guangdong| | Zhanjiang| Guangdong| | Beihai| Guangxi| ————————————————- Hainan Special Economic ZoneHainan became a special economic zone in 1988 after the other 4 zones had already established themselves as being successful and scalable. For current foreign investment regulations for the Hainan zone please see  Hainan Special Economic Zone, Foreign Investment Regulations ————————————————- Economic policies of SEZs 1. Special tax incentives for foreign investments in the SEZs. 2. Greater independence on international trade activities. 3. Economic characteristics are represented as â€Å"4 principlesâ € : 1. Construction primarily relies on attracting and utilizing foreign capital 2.Primary economic forms are Sino-foreign  joint ventures  and partnerships as well as wholly foreign-owned enterprises 3. Products are primarily export-oriented 4. Economic activities are primarily driven by market forces SEZs are listed separately in the national planning (including financial planning) and have province-level authority on economic administration. SEZs local congress and government have legislation authority. Leong (2012) investigates the role of special economic zones (SEZs) in liberalizing the Chinese and Indian economies and their impact on economic growth.The policy change to a more liberalized economy is identified using SEZ variables as instrumental variables. The results indicate that export and FDI growth have positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth in these countries. The presence of SEZs increases regional growth but increasing the number of S EZs has negligible effect on growth. The key to faster economic growth appears to be a greater pace of liberalization. China's Special Economic Zones Xu Dixin The Chinese Government has set up four special economic zones.They are located in the cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shantou of Guangdong Province and the city of Xiamen of Fujian Province . Politically, the special economic zones are based on assurance of China's state sovereignty and governing authority is entirely in China's hands. Economically, they are essentially based on state capitalism. APPROXIMATELY 300 special economic zones have been established in about 75 countries and regions in the world today (some are called free trading zones, some processing-exporting zones and some tax-free trading zones).Practices vary between countries. Special economic zones are set up when a country delimits a special area where, through exemption of customs duty, it formulates various preferential conditions and provides public facili ties so as to attract foreign investors to set up factories whose finished products are mainly for export. Insofar as capitalist social systems are concerned, few problems arise for those countries which set up special economic zones because the characteristics of such zones are essentially compatible with the development of capitalism.Some people wonder why China, a socialist country, has set up special zones which permit the manoeuvre of foreign capital. They ask: Concessions were eliminated a long time ago, why are a few areas with foreign investment being operated in the manner of concessions? They also want to know whether the four special economic zones represent a revival of the former concessions. Although important, such concerns are oversimplified and superficial. The situation can be best understood within context of the past and the nation's present state of development.At the end of the 19th century, foreign capital poured into China. This was a result of invasion by im perialist powers which used â€Å"gunboat diplomacy† to impose unequal treaties on China and infringed upon its state sovereignty. The foreign capital presently being invested in China is not based on â€Å"unequal treaties,† but on the assurance of China's state sovereignty. The special economic zones do not represent the revival of former concessions because authority over them is entirely in China's hands.Be they joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investments set up in the special zones or enterprises run exclusively by foreign or overseas Chinese capital, they must observe the Chinese Government's decrees and regulations, pay business and income taxes according to provisions and abide by China's labour laws. Although they represent a minor change in state economic policy, the special economic zones are not in basic conflict with China's socialist economic system. The economy in the special zones encompasses the socialist state economy, the collective economy a nd the individual economy, but state capitalism has the lion's share.Processing materials for foreign countries, compensatory trade, co-operative enterprises and joint ventures are all state capitalist economic activities. Strictly speaking, the enterprises run by foreign or overseas Chinese capital constitute a kind of capitalist economy, but the activities of such enterprises are subject to control and regulation by the governments of the special zones. As a result, they are special kinds of capitalist enterprises. Lenin clearly said: â€Å"State capitalism is capitalism which we shall be able to restrict, the limits of which we shall be able to fix. This provides us with a theoretical explanation of the nature of the enterprises financed individually in the special zones. Some people worry that the capitalists will exploit the surplus value of the labourers. It should be admitted that some exploitation does exist in the joint ventures or individually financed enterprises in the special zones. According to China's regulations, joint ventures or enterprises individually financed by foreign capital or overseas Chinese capital can remit their share of profits abroad after they have paid their income tax according to relevant provisions and with the approval of the authorities concerned.The profits remitted abroad and the profits retained for reinvestment in the special zones obviously represent the surplus value of the labourers. But allowing foreign or overseas Chinese capital to gain profits is, in a sense, a policy of redemption (that is, a policy of gradually nationalizing the means of production of the exploiting classes at a certain price). Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic, the government adopted a redemption policy towards the national bourgeoisie in order to win its co-operation.Now we are employing a redemption policy to win the co-operation of foreign and overseas Chinese capital. This is necessary for the development of the econom ies of the special zones. One of the characteristics of special zone economies is the fact that they open the door to foreign countries. Take Shenzhen and Zhuhai for example, their economic ties with Xianggang (Hongkong) and Aomen (Macao) are much closer than with the interior. This situation may result in the close relationship and mutual-effect between the role of regulating production according to market demands and the market fluctuations of Xianggang and Aomen.Within the special zones, it cannot be said that the regulation of production by state planning does not exist or does not function. However, if regulation of production by planning is made to cover too large an area, if it becomes the main body of the economy of the special zones, then it will be disadvantageous to absorbing foreign capital and developing the economies of the special zones. Newly built harbour in the Shekou industrial area managed by a Xianggang (Hongkong) company. Special Zones' FunctionsBecause the spe cial economic zones in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces have only been established for a short period of time, their role has not been brought into full play. The following points address the concerns most frequently expressed regarding their operation: They serve as bridges for introducing foreign capital, advanced technology and equipment and as classrooms for training personnel capable of mastering advanced technology. Both in the process of production and circulation, and in the joint ventures with Chinese and foreign investments in the special zones, we can learn the latest techniques and scientific methods of management.To develop the national economy and expedite China's enterprise production and management, it is imperative to promote competition between regions, between trades and with-in a certain trade. In the development of the economies of the special zones -and during their competition with Xianggang and Aomen – it is possible to win in the competition by learning how to make comparisons regarding the regulation of production according to market demands. improve the quality of goods, develop new products and reduce production costs. It is possible to absorb considerable amounts. of foreign exchange.It is also possible to transfer part of the foreign capital, technology and equipment through the special zones to other regions concerned and set up new enterprises there. The country's special zones can serve as experimental units in economic structural reform and as schools for learning the law of value and the regulation of production according to market demands. By developing the economies of the special zones, it is possible to employ many young people waiting for jobs. Some people wonder why it is necessary, more than 30 years since the founding of the People's Republic, to set up special economic zones.They also wonder whether the special zones signify that China is seeking help from capitalist countries. Such concerns are understandable, but unwarranted. Since its establishment, New China has scored brilliant achievements in many fields of work, including economic construction. But it has also traversed a tortuous path. Compared with the world's most advanced nations. China's level of production is still rather low. Its funds and technology are incompatible with the requirements of the modernization drive.Furthermore,† while implementing its policy of self-reliance in economic construction, China does not exclude co-operation with capitalism. Facts will prove that through developing the economies of the special zones, we will be able to make use of foreign and overseas Chinese capital, as well as state capitalism, to develop China's socialist economy. Economic construction in the special zones will possibly become a special form of supplement to the development of China's socialist economy. The total economies of the special zones will only constitute a very small portion of the national economy.Although the s ocialist economy will continue to dominate, the role of the special zones must not be overlooked. Japanese technician passing on technical know-how to a Chinese worker at a joint Sino-Japanese TV company. Policies and Measures 1. The development of the special economic zones requires emphasis on the word â€Å"special. † For instance, in opening the door to foreign countries, it is necessary to simplify procedures for entry and exit and make things easy for visitors. In tax rate, it is essential to give preferential treatment to imported goods in customs duties. Tax exemptions for some goods are needed.A portion of the profits gained by foreign financed enterprises is allowed to be remitted abroad. 2. The essence of developing the special economic zones lies in the import of foreign capital; making foreign capital serve China's socialist modernization drive. Given this, the lives of the people residing in the special zones are bound to change. Capitalist ideology is bound to increase. This will require us to devote special attention to the ideological education of people in the special zones. Of course, education and training in science and technology should not be neglected, either. 3.The currency used in the special economic zones is mainly Renminbi (people's currency), the use of foreign currencies is limited to designated areas. Renminbi represents the currency of the People's Republic of China, but in view of the characteristics of special economic zones, it may prove necessary to issue different currency for them. This is a very complicated problem which calls for further study. 4. It would be impossible for the special zones to develop without the support of China's interior regions. Only when they operate in cooperation with the interior can the special zones gain necessary materials.Of course, such cooperation is based on mutual benefit. And it can be successful only when the special zones produce commodities needed by the interior. This co-ope ration must be carried out in a planned way. China’s capital controls The more special economic zone The landscape of capital-account liberalisation Jul 7th 2012 |  QIANHAI  | from the print edition * Where there’s muck ELSEWHERE in the developing world, towns grow before the infrastructure is quite ready to support them. Things are different in Shenzhen, China’s original Special Economic Zone (SEZ), a stone’s throw from Hong Kong.The subway station at Qianhai bay, on the city’s west coast, is spick and span, with a full complement of signs, announcements and billboards, including one for a performance by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales, sponsored by Classy Kiss milk. But only one exit is open. And it surfaces in the middle of a wasteland of dirt, scrub and puddles. It is, surely, the best connected nowhere anywhere. In this section * Powering down *  »The more special economic zone * Rollercoaster * Duncan dough notes * The Oracle of Bos ton * Move over Reprints Related topics * Hong Kong * China This empty spot is, however, full of big ambitions.It is one corner of a 15-square-kilometre zone earmarked for experimentation by China’s cabinet. The zone has licence to try policies that are â€Å"more special† than those prevailing even in an SEZ. It aims to attract â€Å"modern service industries† rather than big-box manufacturers. It will charge only 15% corporate-profit tax and levy no income taxes on the finance professionals, lawyers, accountants and creative people it hopes eventually to attract. These cosmopolitan folk will live in a â€Å"waterfront city†, says James Corner, whose firm won a competition two years ago to design the bay’s future landscape.Over the next couple of years, he explains, the city will build a system of â€Å"water fingers†, large parks that collect, retain and purify the streams that flow from the hinterland, allowing water to enter the bay clea n and clear. Water is not the only flow Qianhai aims to collect and retain. It also wants to attract some of the offshore yuan that have pooled outside mainland China’s borders. Over 550 billion yuan ($87 billion) now sits in Hong Kong deposit accounts; another 60 billion yuan sits in Singapore, and 35 billion more resides in customer deposits in London, according to an April study by Bourse Consult.These yuan cannot flow freely back into mainland China, however. Banks can invest a limited amount in the mainland’s inter-bank bond market. Companies that raise yuan outside China can seek permission to invest the money in their operations inside the country. But the money can easily become bogged down in China’s exchange controls, especially when the authorities are trying to tighten credit. Qianhai, however, will be permitted to broaden these channels. Its firms will be given help in raising yuan offshore. Hong Kong banks will be allowed to enter the zone more eas ily. The ground will also be laid for greater cross-border lending. Since the mainland is targeting the gradual achievement of full yuan convertibility, Qianhai should be a pioneer for progress,† said Zhang Xiaoqiang of the National Development and Reform Commission, China’s planning body. The plan poses some puzzles. If offshore yuan were to be lent freely to Qianhai firms, what would stop them lending the money on to the rest of the country? An easing of capital controls between Hong Kong and Qianhai would seem to require a tightening of controls between Qianhai and the rest of the mainland. Otherwise the stream of yuan inflows could become a flood.The answer to the puzzle may lie in the timing. The Qianhai zone is not scheduled for completion until 2020, by when China’s capital controls may already be far looser nationwide. It is therefore unlikely that Qianhai’s opening up will get too far ahead of the rest of the country’s. In finance, as well as infrastructure, China likes to lay down the tracks, platforms and ticket barriers before the throngs arrive. Definition of ‘Special Economic Zone – SEZ' Designated areas in countries that possess special economic regulations that are different from other areas in the same country.Moreover, these regulations tend to contain measures that are conducive to foreign direct investment. Conducting business in a SEZ usually means that a company will receive tax incentives and the opportunity to pay lower tariffs. Investopedia explains ‘Special Economic Zone – SEZ' While many countries have set up special economic zones, China  has been the most successful  in  using  SEZ to attract foreign capital. In fact, China has even declared an entire province (Hainan) to be an SEZ, which is quite distinct, as most SEZs are cities. Read more:  http://www. investopedia. com/terms/s/sez. sp#ixzz29RnLw992 China's Special Economic Zones Keep Importance| China's speci al economic zones will still be â€Å"special† after the country's entry to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and can continue to boom because they are better prepared for its rules, officials and economists said on Wednesday. | | | PRINT|   DISCUSSION|   CHINESE|   SEND TO FRIEND| | | | Special zones better prepared for WTO rulesChina's special economic zones will still be â€Å"special† after the country's entry to the  World Trade Organization  (WTO) and can continue to boom because they are better prepared for its rules, officials and economists said on Wednesday.While thousands of Chinese businesses have yet to familiarize themselves with the WTO principles and practices, China's technological and economic areas are already ahead of the game, said Pi Qiansheng, chief official who oversees the  Tianjin  Economic Development Area (TEDA). Special Economic Zones| President Jiang on Special Economic ZonesChina will develop special economic zones (SEZs) a ll through the process of the country's reform, opening up and modernization drive, Chinese President  Jiang Zemin  said November 14 in Shenzhen, China's first SEZ.Feature : Economic Zones| Chief special economic zonesChina's chief special economic zones are Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen cities and  Hainan  Province. But they encompass more than 100 national economic and technological development zones, 15 national bonded areas and 14 border trade and co-operation regions in the broadest sense, said Hu Ping, former director of the Special Economic Zone Office under the State Council.Years before China joined the global trade club, the special economic areas had begun operating in line with international practices, said Pi, director of the administrative commission of TEDA, the largest development zone in North China. â€Å"By implementing international practices – like simplified approval procedures and transparency – TEDA has actually been operating accor ding to WTO rules,† he said. Keep going wellBoth Pi and Hu denied allegations that the national treatment and non-discrimination principles of the WTO will undermine the development of the special economic and technological reas, which used to receive – and give – preferential policies. â€Å"The special zones in various sizes and forms in China have grown from their initial state when they needed policy support before they were able to rely on themselves for expansion,† Hu said. â€Å"I don't see much of a negative impact of WTO entry on their recruitment of experts and the overall investment environment. † The special zones can instead maintain their â€Å"special† status by maximizing their accumulated expertise and their advantages in geographic locations and export-orientated industrial structures.They can gain a head start in absorbing foreign funds, technology and developing modern logistic systems, Hu said. The bonded zones, export pr oduct processing quarters and high-tech parks in those special areas will open still wider, Pi said. â€Å"It is my understanding that the WTO rules obligate the government to shift its functions to serving businesses in a more efficient fashion,† Pi said. â€Å"In TEDA, for example, the authorities have already modified or removed all the regulations and operations that go against the WTO rules. â€Å"Within the framework of national treatment requirements of the WTO, TEDA will give more favourable policies to overseas investment to attract more transnationals, he said. | SEZs: Go the Chinese way S. Majumder SPECIAL Economic Zones (SEZs), first proposed in the Exim Policy 2000-01 by the erstwhile Commerce Minister, Mr Murasoli Maran, are now a reality. With Export Processing Zones (EPZs) failing to help achieve the export targets, sights are on SEZs to deliver the goods. Eight SEZs are already operational — seven EPZs were converted for this purpose — and ano ther nine have been approved and are to be located strategically.The Commerce Minister, Mr Arun Jaitley, overwhelmed by the success of China's SEZ experiments has reposed much faith in them not only for export growth but also to boost FDI, which has become imperative especially as domestic investments are sagging. It is heartening that Mr Jaitley seems to be aware of the fact that the objectives of SEZs are much wider than merely boosting exports. Can India replicate China's immensely successful SEZ model? The incentives offered in Indian SEZs are in no less than those in China.From duty-free imports and tax holidays to freedom from cumbersome Custom procedures, the SEZs' facilities match those in China. Hence, theoretically at least, India's SEZs should be no less attractive to foreign investors as the Chinese versions. But reality paints a different picture. The key to SEZ success lies not just handing out incentives. Conceptually, EPZs and SEZs are different — while the fo rmer is an industrial estate, the latter is an industrial township. Boosting incentives to SEZs does not necessarily mean greater investment flows. The scope of SEZs are much wider and their linkages with the domestic economy stronger.SEZs provide supportive infrastructure such as housing, ports, roads and telecommunication and, as a result, have a wider industrial base. Compared to EPZs, SEZs give more in terms of exports, industrial growth, investments, both domestic and foreign, and employment generation. Hence, merely switching from EPZs to SEZs, without undertaking the required structural changes, does not guarantee success. The China story There are five SEZs in China. Of these, four — Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou and Zhuhai — were founded 20 years back and the fifth, Hainan, was set up in 1988.There are eight distinguishing features which have contributed to the success of SEZs in China: Unique location, large size, investment friendly attitudes towards non-residen t Chinese, attractive incentive packages, liberal Custom procedures, flexible labour laws, a strong domestic market and decentralisation of power in favour of provinces and local authorities for administering the zones. Of the five SEZs, Shenzhen, Shantou and Zhuhai are in the Guangdong province, adjacent to Hong Kong — the gateway to China. The other SEZ, Xiamen, in the Fujian province, is nearer Taiwan. Setting up hese zones close to internationally reputed commercial destinations was basically for easier access to foreign investments, modern technology and managerial expertise. This move paid off. FDI spurted in China — with Hong Kong accounting for about 60 per cent of the total inflows — with foreign investors making a beeline for the SEZs. Initially, the majority of foreign investors were non-resident Chinese from Hong Kong who were engaged in trading. Later, MNCs started investing in technology-oriented sectors even as China liberalised its foreign invest ment policy further to attract modern technology.The Guangdong province, which has the largest number of SEZs, became the most attractive foreign investment destination. In 2001, over 25 per cent of China's FDI flowed into Guangdong. Size is another important factor for SEZ success in China. Each SEZ is well over 1,000 hectares, the minimum recommended area. In India, the EPZs converted into SEZs are not even a third of this. Among the converted SEZs, the one in Noida is the largest but extends only 310 hectares. The SEEPZ, the first SEZ in India, is only 93 hectares.In such small areas, the requisite infrastructure and services required of an SEZ cannot be created nor multiple economic activities undertaken. Strong domestic market is another important aspect for SEZ success. In China, about 50 per cent of SEZ sales are to the domestic market. Though India has a large domestic market, it has failed to project this to lure SEZ investors. The reason: Policy impediments to sales in the domestic market. While in China the thrust of SEZs has been to attract foreign investments and modern technology, in India the emphasis has been on exports.The policymakers seem to think that export success in the zones is difficult unless accompanied by a liberal FDI regime. In China, the contribution of SEZs to the total exports is not substantial even after 20 years of their existence. In 2001, the share of the five SEZs in the country's total exports was 10. 4 per cent. In contrast, the contribution of Indian SEZs in 2001-02 was a little over 4 per cent of the total exports. Decentralisation of power was also a major reason for SEZ success in China. Provincial and local authorities were made partners and stakeholders, by delegating to them powers to approve foreign investment.The SEZ authorities in China can approve foreign investment proposals up to $30 million. In India, only State governments are allowed to set up SEZs and the powers for foreign investment approvals are vest ed with the Development Commissioners, who are the representatives of the Central Government. The hire-and-fire policy in SEZs has been one of the biggest attractions for foreign investors in China. The new labour law consists of 107 articles, but none of these is more than one paragraph. All jobs are on labour contract basis, which stand terminated upon the expiry of the terms, which can be fixed/flexible or for a specific job.In contrast, the labour policy in India is worker, rather than investment, oriented. Merely declaring SEZs as public utilities under the Industrial Disputes Act may not suffice to quell the image of labour unrest in the country. In sum, the fundamental objectives for setting up SEZs and their role in the national economy are different in the two countries. In such a situation, multiple doses of incentives and unravelling the procedural hassles in India may not in themselves aid SEZs. The impending need is buoyancy in foreign investments, which would automatic ally catapult exports.For this, the primary need is to foster SEZs as investment-friendly areas. This job is not of the Commerce Ministry alone, which is empowered to tinker with the Exim Policy only. The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) and the Foreign Investment Implementation Authority (FIIA) also have an equally important role to make SEZs a success. SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZS) ? Special economic zones (SEZs) 1 aim to overcome barriers that hinder investment in the wider economy, including restrictive policies, poor governance, inadequate infrastructure, and problematic access to land.SEZs tend to offer export-oriented investors three main advantages relative to the domestic investment environment: 1) they offer a special customs environment including efficient customs administration and (usually) access to imported inputs free of tariffs and duties; 2) they have historically offered a range of fiscal incentives including corporate tax holidays and reductions, along w ith an improved administrative environment; and 3) they provide infrastructure (including land, factory shells, and utilities) that are more accessible and reliable than would normally be available outside the zones. SEZs have a long-established role in international trade. Prior to the 1970s, most zones were clustered in industrialized countries; but since the 1980s, there has been massive growth in SEZs in developing countries, led at first by East Asia and Latin America and more recently by the development of new programs in Central and Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Recent estimates indicate that there currently are more than 3,000 SEZs established in some 135 countries.Overall SEZs are estimated to account for more than US$200 billion in global exports and employ directly at least 40 million workers. ? Most zones set up in the 1970s through the 1990s were designed to attract investment in labor-intensive assembly and manufacturing from multinat ionals. These export processing zones (EPZs) were a cornerstone of trade and investment policy in countries shifting away from import-substitution and in favour of integrating into global markets.Among the multiple objectives normally being sought as part of these policies were: job creation, growth in exports and foreign exchange earnings, facilitating economic diversification (often as a step in processes of industrialization and industrial upgrading) and access to foreign manufacturing technology and know-how. KEY ISSUES AND CHALLENGES ? In some countries, SEZs have been a powerful instrument for economic growth and structural transformation. For many of the initial zones in East Asia, zones proved played a critical role in facilitating the industrial development and upgrading the ‘tiger’ economies.Similarly, the later adoption of the model by China provided a platform for attracting FDI and not only supported the development of its export-oriented manufacturing sect or, but served as a catalyst for sweeping economic reforms that were extended throughout the country. In Latin America, countries like Dominican Republic, Honduras, and El Salvador used free zones to take advantage of preferential access to US markets, and have generated large-scale manufacturing sectors in economies that were previously reliant on agricultural commodities.Finally, in Africa, SEZs are credited with enabling Mauritius to move from dependence on sugar to become a manufacturing hub and eventually an innovative, middle income country. ? However, there are also many examples of failures of SEZs, where investments in zone infrastructure resulted in ‘white elephants’ or where zones have largely resulted in industry taking advantage of tax breaks without producing any substantial employment or export earnings.Moreover, many zones that appear to have been successful in the short term, have failed to remain sustainable once labor costs have risen or when preferen tial 1 The term â€Å"SEZ† is being used here in a generic sense to cover any one of a variety of similar regimes including „industrial free zones? , „special economic zones? , „maquiladoras? , „export processing zones? , „investment promotion zones? , „foreign trade zones? and „free zones? What are Special Economic Zones (SEZs)? What are the Key Issues and Challenges for SEZs?What is the World Bank Group doing on SEZs? TRADE ISSUES BRIEF: Special Economic ZonesWorld Bank Group – Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network – International Trade Department trade access is no longer an advantage (e. g. following the end of the Multi-fiber Agreement). Zone failures can be attributed to a variety of causes. Too often, zones are plagued with the same problems – unstable electricity, lack of water, heavy bureaucracy, inefficient and corrupt customs – that hinder investment in the wider economy.In addition, broader competitiveness challenges, including policy instability, poor national governance, and low productivity often undermine the potential of zones. ? The traditional manufacturing-oriented processing zone (EPZ) is becoming increasingly anachronistic, despite the continued importance of global production networks. This is for three main reasons. First, by limiting activities to manufacturing only, EPZs restrict opportunities for investment and growth in the services sector, one of the most important opportunities for growth in middle income and even many low income countries.Second, the traditional EPZ tends to create an enclave that is separated from the national market, undermining its potential to create effective domestic linkages. Finally, the traditional EPZ model relies on unsustainable fiscal incentives to attract investment. As a result, there has been a gradual shift from traditional EPZs to special economic zones (SEZs), which normally cover larger land areas, offer g reater flexibility for services and other non-manufacturing activities (including residential and tourism development), and include a greater mix of export and domestic-market focused activities.THE WORLD BANK GROUP AND SEZS ? The World Bank Group has worked with client governments on export processing zones, free trade zones, and SEZs for decades. More than 40 SEZ related projects have been undertaken in the past ten years. This work has included Bank lending for on-site and off-site infrastructure, IFC investment, and technical assistance and knowledge products from various Bank units and the Investment Climate Department on SEZ-related policies, legal and regulatory frameworks, institutional design, and feasibility studies.OUR WORK ON SEZS ? During 2009 and 2010, the World Bank’s International Trade Department (PRMTR) has been leading a major global research study on SEZs – supported by a BNPP trust fund and in partnership with the SEZ team in the World Bank Groupâ €™s Investment Climate Department – with a primary emphasis on the experience SEZ programs in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main question addressed in this study is: why have SEZs worked well as engines of growth in some countries but not in many Sub-Saharan African ones? Based on knowledge developed as part of this research, PRMTR is also supporting the World Bank Group’s program looking at the potential role and impact of China’s investment in African industrial zones on the development prospects for the region. Our portfolio of SEZ knowledge products in 2010 includes: I. A book summarizing the results of PRMTR’s major research project: Special Economic Zones in Africa – assessing performance and learning from global experience (forthcoming); II.A set of case studies of SEZ programs in ten countries (Bangladesh, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Vietnam); III. Results from surveys of investors in SEZs in the same ten countries as above; IV. A series of notes covering topical issues in SEZs, including: regional trade agreements and SEZs; WTO rules and SEZ fiscal incentives; gender aspects of SEZs; using SEZs as catalysts for economic reform; training and skills development in SEZs; etc. and V. Notes related to China’s investment in African industrial zones, including an overview of progress and challenges and a proposed framework for effective collaboration, as well as a note drawing lessons from China’s experience in establishing a knowledge-sharing partnership for SEZs with Singapore in China’s Suzhou Industrial Park. An investigation into the importance of special economic zones in developing economies by Raphael Monye on September 18, 2010Over the past decade, there has been a sea change in economic policies in  developing countries which are attempting to become more export- orientated,  they   have started setting   up free trade zones. These zon es are called â€Å"Special Economic Zones†(SEZ’s) and feature various   designed to encourage foreign investment. What is the significance of these zones? Have they really played an important role in the development of the economy of the developing countries? In this paper I first describe the background to the establishment of these zones, then I describe some of the aims and characteristics of the SEZ’s.Lastly, I attempt to assess the significance of the SEZ’s in the development of the wider   economy Historically, China for instance  has adopted an inward-looking strategy to its economic development. Successive Chinese governments thought that the economy could grow  purlythrough self-reliance. However, there are always limitations to what a country can do by itself, for example limitations in raw-materials, natural resources, technology, etc. These can hold back the growth of an economy and certainly China’s economic growth  lagged f ar behind much of the rest of the world up to the 1970? . The aims of the establishment of the sez’s were to earn foreign exchange, to  enhance  employment, to attract foreign investment and to accelerate the introduction of technology and managementexpertise The favourable impact of the SEZ’s on  an economy of   is fivefold: They attract foreign investment, they help the growth of the export industry, they earn foreign exchange, they provide employment opportunities and lastly they help the  indigenous  economy improve its level of technology.I would now like to look at some of these points in more detail Since the beginning of the open-door policy, small-scale private businesses have been allowed to coexist with state enterprises. This has increased employment opportunities for local people and raised the level of economic activities in most developing countries. Also, many state workers sense that going into business on their own may provide greater inco me potential. Many prefer to work for joint-venture firms for higher wages.So the average income in SEZ’s   ranks as the highest in most of these economies. In theory advanced technology and know-how will also flow into the country as a result of foreign investment. In turn, with increasing exports the force of international competition may bring greater pressure on   firms to adopt more efficient work practices. It is perhaps questionable how much benefit the wider developing  economies has  reaped  from these investments. The technology, patents and know-how remain firmly the property of, and are controlled by the parent companies.It may however be the case that in the long run the work culture and practices adopted by foreign companies could have some washback effect over wider economic practices in the country In conclusion, the establishment of the SEZ’s has helped to increase the export trade which in turn has helped to improve the  developing economy . Preferential treaties  are been made in  SEZ’s to attract foreign investment. A large amount of foreign investment has occurred not only in the export trade, but also in infrastructure construction, commerce and tourism.Foreign companies have been encouraged to set up factories in the territories and the export industry has grown. Jobs opportunities have been provided for locals as factories need labour and the average income of the people has increased. In addition, advanced foreign technology has been brought in with the inflow of foreign investment. All these factors have contributed to the growth of the  developing economy. It remains to be seen if these  quantitative  advances, in which the SEZ’s have played an important role, are matched by  commensurate  advances in the quality of life for the majority of   people in theses countries.Special Economic Zones and tax exemption in China The key tax incentive for investing in China lies in the vario us options available for claiming tax concessions. The three main avenues are tax exemption, location-based concessions, and activity-based concessions. In theory, foreign-invested companies in China are subject to 30% corporation tax plus an additional 3% local corporation tax. In practice, however, foreign-invested companies rarely have to pay the full corporate tax rate. Tax exemption and 50% tax reductionManufacturing companies operating in China for at least ten years are granted a tax exemption period from the date of entering the profit zone. In the first two years they are fully exempt from corporation tax, and in the following three years they are granted a 50% reduction in the tax burden. The fiveyear period begins in the year in which an accumulated profit, after taking into account loss carryforwards, is recorded for the first time. However, the tax exemption period is not interrupted if at any time after commencement of the period a company once more records losses.Furt hermore, only taxable losses within a maximum carryforward period of five years are taken into account when determining the date on which an accumulated profit is recorded. Companies in the following sectors and areas are regarded as manufacturing companies and hence eligible for preferential taxation treatment: – Engineering and electronics industry; – Energy industry (excluding oil and natural gas extraction); – Metal industry, chemical industry, manufacture of construction materials; – Light industry, textile industry, manufacture of packaging materials; Medical and pharmaceutical industries; – Agriculture and forestry; – Construction industry; – Communications and transport industries (excluding passenger transport); – Scientific and technical development, geological studies, consulting services aimed at production improvements, maintenance services for production equipment and precision instruments. The above list is not e xhaustive and may be extended to other areas. In principle, exemption followed by a reduction in the tax burden is only granted if the company’s activities in China extend over at least ten years.If operations in China are discontinued before this ten-year horizon, Chinese tax law requires that the concessions be reimbursed. Special Economic Zones and Economic and Technological Development Zones After China opened up back in 1980, government-promoted Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were set up to attract foreign investors to the country. The main purpose of these Special Economic Zones with their many investment incentives was to strengthen China’s embattled economy with foreign capital and to modernise the country through foreign technology.Manufacturing companies are generally granted a reduced tax rate of 15% in these zones, with full tax exemption in the first two years and a 50% reduction in tax during the three following years. Foreigninvested service companies and banks can also benefit from tax concessions but are subject to special regulations in these zones. The Special Economic Zones are in: – Shenzen, Guangdong Province; – Zhuhai, Guangdong Province; – Shantou, Guangdong Province; – Xiamen, Fujian Province; – Hainan Island, Hainan Province. Moreover, Economic and Technological Development Zones ETDZs) were set up in 14 coastal cities of the People’s Republic of China in 1984. To date this number has been extended to more than 50. The aim of these development zones was the targeted opening of investment zones for foreign investors, as well as research and development in specific areas through the application of modern foreign technologies. In particular, foreign investors in these zones are offered a complete infrastructure that meets international standards. Economic and Technological Development Zones are to be found not only in booming metropolises such as Shanghai, Beijing nd Shenzen, but als o in all-important Chinese industrial cities as well as in cities of local economic importance in the interior. The Chinese accord these development zones the highest priority, which is why in recent years China’s booming major cities in particular have evolved to become the favourite locations for foreign investors, due to the many concessions and well-developed infrastructure on offer. Nevertheless, when deciding on a location it is important to take into account the cost of labour, which is significantly cheaper in the more rural development zones in the interior.Tax-wise, there is no difference between the Special Economic Zones and the other Economic and Technological Development Zones. Here, too, a reduced tax rate of 15% is generally applicable, with full tax exemption in the first two years and a 50% reduction in the following three years. Unlike the Special Economic Zones, however, the Economic and Technological Development Zones do not differentiate between manufact uring and service companies. Open coastal towns and old cities The 14 eastern ports of Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou,Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai were also opened to foreign investors in 1984. Now there are more than 300 open coastal cities and old towns in China, offering similar concessions to the Special Economic Zones. If these cities also contain a Special Economic Zone or an Economic and Technological Development Zone, companies are also granted a reduced tax rate of 24% outside these zones. If necessary a tax rate of 15% can also be granted subject to the approval of the Chinese authorities, provided the company’s business falls into one of the following categories: Technological projects or projects requiring expertise; – Projects with a foreign investment volume of at least USD 300 million and a long repayment period; – Projects in the field of energy generation, communication o r port operations; – State-promoted projects. High-Tech Industrial Development Zones Only in recent years has the Chinese government created newer types of development zones called High-Tech Industrial Development Zones (HTIDZ) primarily aimed at promoting and further developing the scientific and economic potential inherent in China through foreign capital investment and the import of know-how.Currently there are more than 50 HighTech Industrial Development Zones where foreign high-tech companies are granted a reduced tax rate of 15%. Joint ventures with a foreign partner scheduled to operate for over ten years may also be granted tax exemption or a 50% reduction in tax, similar to the above-mentioned concessions, subject to approval by the Chinese authorities. Currently the best-known High-Tech Industrial Development Zone is the Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park in Beijing. Shanghai Pudong New Area By contrast, foreign companies operating in the financial, ndustrial and trade sectors have been enjoying numerous tax concessions in the Pudong district since 1992. Financial services providers in particular are becoming increasingly important in this context. While foreign financial institutes are prohibited from setting up offices in all other investment zones, this zone – which is also home to a stock exchange – is to be established as a financial centre. The applicable tax rate in this area is 15%. Moreover, in a bid to promote the infrastructure, the Shanghai Pudong New Area offers special tax incentives to foreign companies engaged in the construction of roads, railways, orts and airports as well as companies engaged in energy and transport projects. These companies are also offered a generally lower tax rate of 15%. If scheduled to operate for at least 15 years, these companies enjoy full exemption from taxes for the first five years and a 50% tax reduction for the following five years. Other regions In addition to the above-men tioned areas, a wide range of other regions grant foreign companies tax concessions with a view to attracting such businesses and promoting economic expansion in China’s structurally weak regions.These currently include 13 open border cities, remote and underdeveloped regions as well as numerous central and western regions of China. Particularly in the remote and underdeveloped areas of China, companies enjoy full tax exemption for the first two years and tax concessions for up to 15 years. In all, 19 central and western provinces offer companies in defined industrial sectors a wide range of additional concessions which are listed in a catalogue specially drawn up for this purpose. Concessions for special sectors and activitiesNevertheless, eligibility for tax concessions is dependent not only on the choice of location but also on the company’s business activities. For instance, special concessions are granted to export-oriented companies with an export ratio of more t han 70% which are scheduled to operate for more than ten years. Companies which qualify as  «technologically advanced » enterprises may request a three-year extension beyond the statutory five-year tax concession period. The requirements for eligibility in this respect are described in a special catalogue of criteria.Qualification for such additional concessions is subject to an on-site examination by the authorities of the information provided in the application. Special concessions may also be requested by companies in the software industry, with the aim of turning China into a world leader in the field of software products. These primarily concern VAT and customs duties, but additional concessions may be granted in the form of a reduction in corporation tax to 15%, shorter depreciation periods or higher expense deductions provided the defined criteria are met. Furthermore, in order to make China’s economic expansion nd infrastructure more attractive to foreign companie s, longterm projects relating to port construction as well as in the Special Economic Zones of Hainan and Pudong and in the field of airport and rail construction enjoy substantial concessions up to and including full tax exemption for the first five years as well as a tax reduction of 50% for the following five years if, as above, they meet the relevant criteria. Similar conditions also apply to agricultural projects. Research and Development (R&D) Centres can also enjoy tax concessions provided they meet a number of defined requirements.Specifically, these govern employee qualifications, investment volume, the quality of equipment used, exclusive use of invested capital for R&D purposes, etc. The concessions granted are related to the transfer of technology developed in-house and associated consulting and other services, the import of business equipment including the associated technologies, accessories and spare parts, and increased deductions on R&D expenditure. On t he other hand, companies in heavy industry and plant construction or companies engaged in the extraction of raw materials are expressly excluded from the statutory five-year tax concession

Blog post for Public Relation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Blog post for Public Relation - Research Paper Example rs are rarely looking for that complex and detailed analysis of a product that would leave them in a position to develop the same product on their own. Contrary, they are interested in simply knowing how the product will suit their needs, and better even, how the product will meet their needs better than all the similar or substitute products on the market (The Richest, 2012). Therefore, it is through seeding the internet with great content, not in form of a narrative that will help to keep the customer engaged with the article or digital post, but rather through ensuring that any content developed in respect to a brand or promotion of a commercial entity tells the customers exactly what they want to know about it; how it suits their interests better than the rest (Morgan, 2014). This being the basic step, if an individual or business manages to establish internet content that will tell the customer exactly what they seek to know when they get online to seek for a commodity, the other steps involving optimizing and releasing such news will be easy to go by, since the fundamental need of the customers, which is that knowledge of the existence of a product that suits their interests better, will have been met. According to Carrie Morgan, â€Å"the Internet is a digital haystack; your brand is the needle† (Morgan, 2014). In this respect, it is the business of the brand owner to dig into the haystack, get hold of the needle, and place it on the top layer of the haystack, so that it would be easier for the interested parties to find it easily. Through applying this analogy, the only way through which a brand can thrive in the market full of competing products that are seeking to fulfill the same need, is through developing a great promotional message that will stand out amongst the rest (The Richest, 2012). For example, let us pose for a moment to look at the success of the giant search engine globally, Google, which is an internet-based firm that came along in the

Business policy & strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business policy & strategy - Case Study Example McDonald should also consider adding healthy options. For instance, they should focus on healthy fruit juices instead of Pepsi and Coca-Cola. Deals in their menus right now offer the standard cold drink along with Fries and burgers. The restaurant should consider offering fresh juices in their deals also. McDonalds should launch a campaign focusing on the steps it has taken to combat environmental claims against the company. An image of caring company should be developed and fostered in such campaigns. Consumers are aware of what McDonalds is offering in terms of product, now the campaign should focus on what the company offers in terms of emotional value. McDonald should open more of its McCafes and expand these cafes internationally. McDonald’s has a strategy of aligning its product with the local tastes and culture of the country in which they expand. Considering this, McDonald should pursue the same strategy when opening its cafes in other regions. For instance, in India, breakfast consists of chutneys along with the main breakfast. McDonald should therefore offer chutney in its breakfast menu in India. McDonald should continue expanding into new geographical regions and adapt menus to serve the local tastes of the consumers. It should focus on eating as a family by offering a wide range of products such as baked potatoes along with fried potatoes. The organization chart illustrates the divisional structure. Divisional structures are usually organized based on geographic areas, markets or products (Phillips and Gully, 2011). In the case of McDonalds, the division is based on geographic area with each division responsible for their own area. In this structure, it is easy to evaluate which regions are most profitable and this makes accountability easier. Marketing, Finance, Human Resource are separate divisions that help develop a unitary policy for the company in terms of their marketing, finance and human resource

Engineering business functions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Engineering business functions - Assignment Example For instance, the purchases Department are directly linked to the plant processing company. It is the purchases department that works towards ensuring that the raw materials are available for processing in the plant. The purchased parts of the automobiles are processed to form the end products that are sold. Again, where there is a delay in the purchases, the output will reduce. At the same time, when there is a problem with the finance department, there will be reduced efficiency in the purchasing department that will eventually be reflected in the output in the organization. However, efficiency in the finance department will also lead to efficiency in other operations given other factors are always kept constant. Additionally, the production process relies heavily on other important factors. For instance, for effective production, the mechanical processes involved must all be efficient. The required expertise must always be availed to monitor the whole task otherwise that will occu r some errors. Moreover, if the sales department does not effectively execute their duties, then there will be overstocking that will otherwise result in losses in the organization and reduce the rate of production. The necessity of developing standards is essential. The success of any business lies in achieving the standard that can suit both the customer’s specifications and that of the company. However, determining these specific standards remains the main problem that any firm can ever meet.

Paths of Glory (1957 film) Thesis Paper Movie Review

Paths of Glory (1957 film) Thesis Paper - Movie Review Example Stanley Kubrick’s Paths of Glory is a unique film, not only in terms of the strong anti-war message, but also in the manner in which it was conveyed. Based on a novel by Humphrey Cobb of the same name, the film is set during the First World War and stars Kirk Douglas (Colonel Dax) in the lead role. The heroic authorial stance of the film is unconventional in that it perceives of glory in a radically different way. Taken from Thomas Grey’s famous lines of poem that goes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ the paths of glory lead but to the grave†, author Humphrey Cobb takes up Paths of Glory for the title with implied irony. Kirk Douglass give an excellent performance in translating and presenting the spirit of the story onscreen. (Kane, 1988, p.90) In conventional Hollywood of the time, any glorification in relation to war came via acts of courage and sacrifice, even if it proved fatal. But Paths of Glory spun around this idea and projected glory in an altogether new light. Here, glory would represent the refusal to act on official orders, and instead act on moral convictions. (Stam, 2000, p.14) This message is not easy for the audience to digest, for America’s participation in the Great War was seen as an act of moral responsibility by a majority of its citizens. (Belton, 1994, p.170) Moreover, the film captures the conflicting interests of the officers and the soldiers in real battle situations. Behind the facade of unity (as most war propaganda would have people believe) officers can at times deliberately put the lives of their subordinates at jeopardy. This is evident in the film, as French General Mireau (played by George Macready), orders his division to embark upon a suicidal mission to capture a strongly en-forted German position. As this move would earn Mireau a promotion, he was bent on acting solely for self gain, as against the spirit of unity that is expected in military divisions. (Suid, 2002, p.748) The film will have to be lauded for showin g these bitter internal political realities within a major national institution such as a military in the backdrop of the heat, chaos and intrigue of war. The director pulls off this feat as realistically as possible. Where other movies would evade or underplay such uncomforting truths, Paths of Glory bravely took on a commitment to ground realities. (Altman, 1999, p.14) Colonel Dax (played by Kirk Douglas) is the hero of the film, as he sees to protecting soldiers under his charge from the selfish designs of General Mireau. As a way of deflecting blame from himself, Mireau orders the Court Martial of 100 of his soldiers (later reduced to 3) for cowardice and refusal to obey orders. It is at this juncture that the denouement of the film unfolds, as Colonel Dax (who served as a civilian lawyer prior to his military engagement) takes up the cause of the hapless soldiers and defends their case. Director Stanley Kubrick makes yet another bold statement via his realistic portrayal of the dynamics of power. Although Court Martial are supposed to conform to commonly accepted principles of jurisprudence, fairness, justice and due process of law, in the case the three unfortunate soldiers who are sentenced to death (essentially summarily after the farcical ‘trial’). (Clarke, 2006, p.112) Hence, in conclusion, Paths of Glory is satisfactory in terms of aesthetics, screenplay, dialogue and

Analyse horror movie Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Analyse horror movie - Research Paper Example After the attempts to kill Lestat fail, Louis and Claudia set off halfway across the world in search of their own kind. In France, they find other vampires in the underworld and they join this group led by vampire Armand who has feelings of intimacy to Louis. Their stay turns tragic when the vampires in Paris kill Claudia and Louis is saved from death by Armand. Louis, Lestat and Claudia have different characters which were influenced by time, self personality and other external factors. Louis The past life of Louis as a mortal played a significant role in determining his character. Prior to becoming a vampire, Louis’s wife had died during childbirth. Louis was terribly affected by the death of his wife and he became desperate to an extent of wishing to die. In one instance, Louis narrates that his wife and infant had been buried less than a half year before he became a vampire. Louis says that â€Å"I would have been happy to join them. I couldn’t bear the pain of the ir loss. I longed to be released from it† (Interview with the Vampire). It is imperative that Louis genuinely loved his wife and newborn child. Suffice to say, Louis was also caring enough given the fact that he was felt a strong connection to his family. From Louis’ narration, it is evident that he had loving self personality. Suffice to say, his loving nature as a mortal is replicated in the relationship that he forms with Claudia as a vampire. In his mortal form, Louis was a kind person. He interacts with his slave Yvette in a respectful way without disregarding her as it would be expected of a slave to a master. After becoming a vampire, Louis exercises great restraint to prevent himself from the temptation of killing Yvette. When Yvette offers Louis food and expresses her concern about his wellbeing, Louis fights the instinctive vampire urge to kill her and drink her blood. He dismisses her from the dinner table saying â€Å"I’ll finish it, Yvette. Now leav e us.† (Interview with the Vampire).. However, he managed to suppress that urge and spared her life due to his self personality. In retrospect, it can be argued that Louis was a kind person who valued the lives of other people irrespective of their position in the society. The influence of vampire Lestat and vampire Claudia on Louis’s character cannot be understated. After becoming a vampire, Louis resisted the counsel of Lestat as it was against his will. Lestat encourages Louis kill human beings instead of feeding on animals such as rats and chicken. Lestat castigates him for his choice of food by stating that the chickens would eventually run out and he would be forced to seek other sources of food. Despite the pressure from Lestat, Louis manages to hold on to his convictions albeit for some time. However, it is notable that Louis was greatly influenced by the Lestat’s ideas. When he kills the slave girl Yvette, Louis indicates that he felt real peace when he killed. Louis indicates that Lestat’s words made sense to him since he was able to feel at ease when he killed a human being. This implies that the behavior and advice of Lestat influenced Louis’ character to a certain extent. At one point, Louis says that â€Å"Her blood coursed through my veins sweeter than life itself† (Interview with the Vampire). It was not in Louis nature to kill human beings, let alone derive extreme

Outlook report for M&S(Marks & Spencer) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Outlook report for M&S(Marks & Spencer) - Essay Example They are also planning to open up eco-friendly stores for their green credentials. Strategic planning process comprises of an important ingredient of external environmental analysis. Environmental analysis helps ascertain the state of factors internal to the firm which can further be classified as a firm's Strength or Weakness while those external to the firm can be classified as Opportunities and threats. This study of the strategic environment is called SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis facilitates the extraction of strategic information which aids in matching a firm's resources to the environment in which it operates. 1) Acceleration of store renewal programme-M&S have already started investing in their stores and completed about 70% of their modernization programme. They are planning to modernise an additional 10% of space and open up an additional 5.5% of new space in the coming years. With launch of new eco-friendly store, they will be able to cut the down the cost tremendously in the next 5 years. Within one year, they are able to save around 20% of their energy in the store. 2) Private labeled grocery- M&S sells 90% of its own food brands. Despite M&S experiencing difficult trading conditions in their clothing departments, their food halls have continued to run successful business. It consistently offers innovative, high quality and rigorously checked food. 3) Everyday value shop with quality- Making Marks & Spencer a more convenient place to shop, the popular shopping basket items have reviewed prices without comprising with the qualities of the product. Although the company is working according to market price but without hampering their quality and standards. 4) Variety of food products at one stop shop- Marks & Spencer's ready to eat meals are long been famous for their great ingredients. As more of consumer start spending their time in kitchens and would be spending in the next 5 -10 years, they come with new range of 300 ingredients right starting from fresh herbs to bread and cakes-makes easier cooking starting from scratch. 5) Expansion of stores and intensive use of space: Currently in UK, there are 622 stores and 278 international stores all over the world. With the possibility of resurging economy after 2 -3 years, they will be planning to expand their stores in UK as well as globally also. This makes their presence in UK stronger than any other brand. With the current downturn in the economy, they have already started utilizing the floor space for every square foot to its full potential. Selling space will be reallocated to higher growth product areas to maximize returns per square foot. Weakness: 1) Late entrant: With the increasing disposable income of the people and increasing awareness of the people about the healthy and dietary food, Marks & Spencer became a late entrant into this segment. Even talking about the experience of the store and one stop food shop, they had just entered into this segment. This becomes disadvantage for them as last mover. 2) Strong presence in UK- It has strong presence only in UK. It has 622 stores in UK and 278 stores internationally, which

The right to a free education Essay Example for Free

The right to a free education Essay Is one of the dearest rights that we, as Americans, have in this country. People from the four corners of the world, come to America to be educated and to benefit from the many advances that the American public and private educational systems offer in this country. Until recently, this did not expand to those children with developmental disabilities. As a Special Education teacher, I have seen first hand, the benefits of inclusion; not just for the individuals themselves, but also for the students within the classroom. In doing so, the school can adhere to the popular and effective principle of implementing diversity in the classroom and teaches those involved, that different does not mean bad or inferior. Inclusion offers the individual, the best possible opportunity to learn and to be assimilated into society and the community. The individual learns that he or she is just as good as everybody else and has many of the same hopes and dreams that their peers have within the classroom. Also, if it is in the best interest of the student, once he has become an adult, to enter into a group home, their efforts towards community integration, which is the goal of nearly every group home facility in this country, to have a background of inclusion. These early years are the most critical for the individual and any efforts at dissuading the parent or guardian of the student, will reap bitter rewards and will further serve as an impediment to the learning process of the individual, perhaps for his entire life. The school system focuses on one aspect of the education of an individual. Morals and ethics are no longer taught in our schools and the student, once he or she graduates from high school, their education is void of any real life experiences. Students today find themselves book smart but lack the ability to implement those skills into real life situations. One way that the school system can reverse this is through the inclusion of developmentally disabled individuals. Many times, it is the success or the failure of the individual which is paramount in deciding in whether or not inclusion for the individual is in her best interest. It is important that this remains the case. However, in a class room setting, there are twenty to thirty individuals who stand to gain a great deal through the inclusion of a special needs child within their classroom. When in college, I worked at a group home for mentally handicapped adults. There was a series of homes in the neighborhood which houses between eight and sixteen individuals with special needs. Since many of the individuals were middle aged, and therefore had not enjoyed the benefits of inclusion, their social skills with people in their own community, was poor at best. Also, the problem was two fold as the neighbors within these communities, fought hard to keep these group homes out of their areas. This was hard to believe as I found my experiences very favorable and quickly made friends with people who very much wanted to be my friend and treasured it as one of the more important aspects of their life. Therefore, I could not understand how others would see these lovely and friendly individuals as threats to their happiness and safety. In the few years that I worked at these group homes and the additional years in which I kept in contact with these valuable friends, I never heard or witnessed any incident where the feelings of the neighbors were justified. What did become clear, was that the xenophobia which was the source of such, almost hatred, towards some of the most friendly and peaceful people that I had ever known. In talking with some of the people in the neighborhood, I quickly realized that their lack of contact with members of the developmentally disabled population was the chief motivating factor in their rudeness towards the residents of this group home. Their experiences were not unique at all as many of the same stories were shared by friends and co workers who worked at other homes. Their experiences mirrored mine to an alarming degree. In the same way one may look at an individual of another race with hatred or some level of prejudice, mostly due to their lack of involvement with members of that particular race or ethnic group, so too is the result of those who have had little to no contact with members of the DD population. Inclusion helps to combat this problem to a great degree. This is one of the most helpful and practical results of inclusion. It not only helps the individual, but to a larger degree, helps introduce students to those who are different. This does not mean that the individual is to be put on display to be laughed at or to be made to feel inferior. Not at all! When children are associated with people of different ethnicities and abilities, both mental and physical, it is to their benefit in the long run. Most of the psychologists agree; Behavior is learned. Therefore, it behooves the majority, not.

Impact of Recession on Banking and Housing Industries

Impact of Recession on Banking and Housing Industries In late 2000s financial market collapse and the resulting, global recession have left an urgent need for knowledge and research about unemployment-financial markets, poverty and much more. It will be expected from the social scientist to examine the reasons and causes of the crisis, the resulting economic and social trouble, and solid solution. It is very important to look back in the previous recessions-to find out what happen, what policy can be learned from the past, and how can we avoid some of the worst results of the past. This is very challenging research, but we are not definitely exploring it from the start There are some other issues like people happiness and wellbeing stable life, we can also think about it (which were not actually on the researcher parameters in the previous recessions but have drawn a noticeable attention in recent years. This survey will provide a broad overlook of finding social and finical research on impact of recession on housing industry and banking industry, its causes, consequences and immediate policiesIts aim to be of what we already know and what we need to know about it. It is very important to find and answers for the future prosperity Theory of economic suggest that how recession can lead towards the vulnerable financial conditions of any sector and it can triggered or worsen the conditions A case study on the impact of recession on the banking as well as housing industries and how it affected the UK economic market Rationale Theory of economy suggest that when economy goes through different cycles and call decreasing gross national product(GDP) of the country is called recession, but in terms of economic recession many expert consider that significant decline in the economic progress throughout the country. Global recession is the period when global economy is slowdown. It is very difficult to defining a global recession because it is expected from the developing countries that have a higher GDP than developed countries. This case study is about a UK business market and its adverse result on the UK economy. Recession is not a new thing in 21st century, UK already have seen an adverse result in late 70s and 1990sRecession had fatal effect on all over the world. But researcher thinks that developed countries are more affected than developing countries. In 2010, the government officially announced that recession is over. Should we accept it now? Is it true? Or it is simply a made-up story? It is particular believe that recession started in Dec 2007 in US and spread out globallyBritain is a most affected country by recession. In late 2000s recession, the financial market collapse and it had a worse impact on jobs, on people lives and on business. This recession was very cruel on many sector of economy, financial institutions. Britain has now in recession for over a three years and. the British economy was officially announced to be in recession January 2008. In present time banks operate almost every business. Because of their wrong strategic plan, modern world has seen the worst economical disaster. Unregulated financial activity created valueless economical boom. But in final stage they paid the big price for it. Investor lost millions. People lost their savings. Some critic says, because of greedy bankers, working class people facing the bad situations. Even ex-prime minister Mr Brown supported critics statement. He said, because of some greedy bankers we have been passing through the most drastic situation Banks are the finance provider to the other sectors to the growth of economy. This late 2000,s recession worsen the condition .mortgage rate was high they cut back loans and redundant people. The problem was clear in late 2000s recession when the international investors and domestic holders withdrawing their deposits and banks were cutting back loans. It was really hard for the client to find out a good mortgage deals. In economical crises, property market is the most effected sector. It started in the USA in mid 2007. Property market mainly gets support from bank. But in financial crises, banks and mortgage firms was facing the significant problem. Therefore it was very hard for buyers to find a suitable property for buying. We would take a look at what were the changes that were made with the finanical downturn and what attempts were made to survive in the business world. We would also look through the critical and analytical point of view that how we will be able to come out from this scenario? 4 Literature review. This dissertation will also discuses the financial crisis in UK and what is the economic condition now? It will also highlight what are the main causes and what are the affect of 2000s recession? AS we know that recession could cause crises theory, currency crisis and financial crisis. Recession affects are very disastrous it could be a reason of bankruptcies, unemployment, credit crunch or foreclosure. In this dissertation a researcher would like to throw a light on two big giant sectors that is housing sector and banking sector. These two sectors rely on each other and late 2000s recession badly affected them. Housing market The painful drop in economic output and continuously rise in the unemployment had bad affect on housing prices and demand for buying houses. There are two main causes of this sharp decline, unemployment .It also contributed to rise in repossession. The, lower financial output led to a big cut in interest rate. It lowered mortgage interest payments. Banks are struggling to raise finance and the result is insufficiency of mortgage credit. Banks were overcautious about lending money and it is caused a shortage of buyers . It is noticeable that lower mortgage rate is attracting somehow but the financial companies have a big lost. They have to suffer for it. In gernal sense housing market is direct centre of crisis. Financial disaster was started in USA and spread out to UK .Three years ago when northern rock a mortgage bank was teetering on the edge, the financial authorities carried out keeping it a float with undeclared emergency lending. The main objection at that time came from the financial services authorities that a listed company should have to disclose the emergency lending to avoid misleading the business market. The economist (2009) in their journals identifies that commercial property values in central London are fallen by as much as 50% since the financial crises hit. It was in the news that Dubai was delaying repayments of some of it $60 billion (Â £36billion) in debt. The main purpose of this report was to unveil the dark side of the 2000s recession. When a giant overhang of the loans and it cause the economical disaster as well. Banking sector Banks are like a backbone of any prosperous country and the regulation of economic growth.2007- present; the financial crises are worsening the banking system. In the result many large financial insinuations are collapsed. Late 2000s recession is more like comprising with the 1930,s recession. Actually all the major economies are facing hardest time in economic growth in UK. In their report told that the governor of the bank of England Mervay king has warned that the UK is in a deep recession in 2009 and said rate cuts may no longer work Allen(1994) in his book financial crisis and recession in the global economy comments about recession and global economy in his chapter 1, 2 and 3.this research study is about 1982 world recession.1987 stock market crash Northern rock a British bank was one of the first victim of finical crisis. Northern rock requested a security to the bank of England. The investors were panic and bank run in September 2007.In February 2008 British government failed to find a buyer from a private sector and it was taken into the public hands. Northern rock bank proved initial stage problem. The companies affected those directly related to mortgage lending and home construction e.g. countrywide financial and Northern rock because they could not find financing through the credit market. In the result more than 100 lenders went bankrupt during December 2007-2008, another investor bank Bear Stearns collapsed in 2008 because of the fire sale to JP Morgan Chase. Financial crisis hit it peak in September and October 2008 Research Questions The dissertation will aim to find answers the following research questions through the analytical techniques and the data collections. What causes an economic recession? What are the effects of an economic recession on the financial sector? What is the current scenario and what is the future of financial sector state of UK? Some of the financial companies are not affected by recession? What are the strategies they adopted? What is the short term and long term strategies adopt by a business in the recent recession. Research Methodology The main objective of this analysis would be to examine the main cause of recession. The dissertations will discuses the economic condition of UK banks and housing market. It will also analyse that what are the strategies that have been adopted by the financial sector. For the research methodology it is important bringing in related knowledge towards the UK recession and its impact towards the financial sector. Negatively or positively from within the case study interviews to be given by some UK small medium enterpriser and multinational corporations, interviews will be of no less than hundred, these are the ones who are effected by recession regarding their loss of jobs and the status from their employment from the UK business sectors. Types of Data The main type of Data will be collected for this purpose of this report is as follows. Primary Data Primary data is the information which is collected by the researcher from his own primary data and analysis. This could be questionnaire-interviews observation, case study or critical incident. The primary data, which is collected from the different source, could be either qualitative which looks at the explanation behind the given responses or quantitative which is in the form of numbers and which can represent in the form of a graph or table. Questionnaires A research question is a kind of survey where the information is collected with the intension of arriving at the different conclusions on an issue. This kind of survey will help the researcher to get impartial result and if required the researcher can predict an issue or advice changes. Question will be divided to the employees, managers of big financial companies of random banks, mortgage companies and the housing sector. The question will be targeting a most specific issue of the discussion and each response would be analyse against each other. Survey may be deal with a variety of media (paper-electronic-verbal). Different kind of method can be used internet, face to face, telephone and mails.. The population will be divvied in managers employees and customers. Interviews Interview will be held on the spot with the people of different sectors. It could be either on phone or face to face. When the respondent meets the interviewee over the phone or directly and answer some circumstantial questions relating to circumstantial issue. This kind of interviews is more advantageous since not only respondent can convey themselves and interview can ask to elucidate the answer. Secondary Data Secondary data is a information that is already available. This could be including books, reviews, press releases, newspaper, news bulletin or reports etc. Again secondary data collected could be either quantitative or qualitative. It depends on the source and type of the information collected. Sampling method Stratified sampling Stratified sampling is a method where the population are based on groups. For the dissertation purpose, we will divide the populations. Managers of the companies This will include managers who are in direct contact with financial departments, including policy and decisions makers. Staff This group direct to those who help apply the strategies or changes. their opinion is indispensible as they are indirectly related with the running of business The big advantage of stratified sampling is that question will be related to the details. The interviewer wants to be answered and there will be less chance that the respondent will simply guess an answer that theses interviewer are in position to give answer to the questions. Simple random sampling This is a method where a small group of samples are selected from a large group.. 4.Data analysis There are two major approaches to analysis the data and collect an information qualitative and quantitative research method. Sometime required information is already available require only be pull out. However, in the analysis sometime information must be collected. This kind of research will call back the second approach. The research needs to be collected and it is not already available. The research mainly relies on the primary data. The nature of the problem, which researcher will explore in this report is suitable for both research methods. The secondary data in this research will be gathered from, reports, and books journals-journals-internet websites-companies websites, articles and every other written source of data. As primary data will be collected through interviews and questions, then all of the collected data will be analysis to accomplish the objectives and aims of the dissertation Qualitative Research Technique Qualitative research means to know why, not the, how, which is collected by many methods like interviews, feedback, forms-emails. Qualitative research is used to understand how people feel and they think-depth interviews or group discussions are two common methods to use for collect qualitative information. Quantitative Research Technique Quantitative research technique where a research method depends less on interviews-questions, observations but it is more focused on the numerical data and statistic collection and analysis. Information collected from the financial sectors, banks, mortgage companies will be combined together and put into tables and graphical charts to view the opinion on different topics and to review overall responses. Limitations of the Study Validity and reliability Validity directs to the truthfulness and accuracy of the research. Research data may be mislead if a question will be misinterpreted or misunderstand. Reliability is a various statistical tests. There is another way to test the reliability is to ask a same question with different wording in the research survey. It will help to collect a right data. Data may be misleading if the interviewee gives a judgment instead of straight facts. Therefore respondent will be bound in many ways from freely expression views with the help of close ended questions. Interviewing It may b challenging to finding the right person at the right time. Because of the current economic condition. a financial sectors would be face with the different challenges and then an interview for an academic research could end up a long way wait. Confidentiality As the business market is very competitive and the fact is that bit information about the company can give a rise to the competitors, a company might not want to share data. Although a confidentiality agreement will be signed and disclaimer will be issued. Response times The response time to the questionnaire and interview setting mostly rely on how busy the management and staff are at the research time. This might make collection process more lengthy Recent external factors Economical changes have a direct impact on the financial sectors and therefore theses changes have impact on their staffs as well. It is possible that feed back could be more a response to the recent external changes and not because of the business to ensure employees are happy and content.